Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 24 1 2012 11 28 Effect of Fire Retardants in Improvement of Combustion Restriction and Thermal Decomposition of Polyurethane Foams: A Review Effect of Fire Retardants in Improvement of Combustion Restriction and Thermal Decomposition of Polyurethane Foams: A Review 3 31 536 10.22063/jipst.2012.536 FA Mehdi Barikani 0000-0002-6553-982x Fahimeh Askari Majid Barikani Mohammad Barmar Journal Article 2012 11 28 Polyurethane foams are extensively used in different applications such as furnitures and sandwich structures due to better mechanical properties, higher acoustic and damping behavior, higher resistance to hydrocarbon, and aging. With respect to flammability of polyurethane materials and safety precaution in living and working environments there is a vital need to study and investigate published works on thermal decomposition, combustion and fire retardancy of polyurethane materials. Recently a new approach in improved applications of flame retardant additives and nano-composite polyurethane has been met. In this review, the thermal decomposition, combustion and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams are discussed and the effects of halogenic materials as flame retardants, inorganic compounds, blowing agents, phosphorus compounds in the form of organic and inorganic reactive additives, expandable graphite and new products based on nanocomposites are introduced and classified. Polyurethane foams are extensively used in different applications such as furnitures and sandwich structures due to better mechanical properties, higher acoustic and damping behavior, higher resistance to hydrocarbon, and aging. With respect to flammability of polyurethane materials and safety precaution in living and working environments there is a vital need to study and investigate published works on thermal decomposition, combustion and fire retardancy of polyurethane materials. Recently a new approach in improved applications of flame retardant additives and nano-composite polyurethane has been met. In this review, the thermal decomposition, combustion and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams are discussed and the effects of halogenic materials as flame retardants, inorganic compounds, blowing agents, phosphorus compounds in the form of organic and inorganic reactive additives, expandable graphite and new products based on nanocomposites are introduced and classified.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_536_e4377b8425ce98f401c0fc78e9a71333.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 24 1 2012 11 28 Stabilization of Nanosized TiO2 Particles on Knitted Cotton/Polyester Fabric by Citric Acid for Self-cleaning and Discoloration of Reactive Black 5 from Waste Water Stabilization of Nanosized TiO2 Particles on Knitted Cotton/Polyester Fabric by Citric Acid for Self-cleaning and Discoloration of Reactive Black 5 from Waste Water 33 42 540 10.22063/jipst.2012.540 FA Majid Montazer Samaneh Hashemi Kia Journal Article 2012 11 28 Cotton/polyester knitted fabrics as a major production of textile industry was treated with titanium dioxide nanosized particles. The treated fabric with nanosized TiO2 became whiter with a good self-cleaning property. Also the discoloration of Reactive Black 5 dye was studied and reported. The stabilization of TiO2 on cotton/polyester knitted fabrics by citric acid (CA) with sodium hypophosphate (SHP) as a catalyst was also investigated. These samples showed a good self-cleaning property through discoloration of C.I. Direct Red 80. In addition, using CA in the presence of SHP, helped to stabilize the TiO2 nanosized particles on the fabric surface even after 10 washing cycles. The images of scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray mapping, EDX analyses confirmed the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the fabric surfaces even after 10 washing cycles. Cotton/polyester knitted fabrics as a major production of textile industry was treated with titanium dioxide nanosized particles. The treated fabric with nanosized TiO2 became whiter with a good self-cleaning property. Also the discoloration of Reactive Black 5 dye was studied and reported. The stabilization of TiO2 on cotton/polyester knitted fabrics by citric acid (CA) with sodium hypophosphate (SHP) as a catalyst was also investigated. These samples showed a good self-cleaning property through discoloration of C.I. Direct Red 80. In addition, using CA in the presence of SHP, helped to stabilize the TiO2 nanosized particles on the fabric surface even after 10 washing cycles. The images of scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray mapping, EDX analyses confirmed the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the fabric surfaces even after 10 washing cycles.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_540_d6067cd478c1419c616fd48aa4c54214.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 24 1 2012 11 28 Production of Wood/Plastic Composites Based on PP/HDPE Blends: Determination of Optimum Conditions Production of Wood/Plastic Composites Based on PP/HDPE Blends: Determination of Optimum Conditions 43 53 537 10.22063/jipst.2012.537 FA Mona Firoozeh Saeed Kazemi Najafi Ismaeel Ghasemi Journal Article 2012 11 28 Mechanical properties of wood/plastic composites manufactured by polyethylene and polypropylene blends (PP/HDPE) were studied. The SEBS (styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene) and EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene monomer) were used as compatibilizers to improve the compatibility and miscibility of the interface between HDPE and PP phases. The sawdust and polymers were compounded using an internal mixer (Haake). The samples of wood/plastic composite were prepared by injection-molding. Mechanical properties of wood/plastic composites such as, flexural modulus and flexural strength, impact strength and tensile strength were determined. The Taguchi method was employed in order to optimize these properties. Blends of PP and PE (3 levels), MAPP content (3 levels), polymer compatibilizer content (3 levels), polymer compatibilizer (two types) were considered as variable parameters. The results indicated that wood/plastic composites containing: 80% HDPE with 20% PP blend, 4% MAPP coupling agent, 2% polymer and EPDM compatibilizers were the optimum conditions to acquire the best quality composites. The fracture surfaces of samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of wood/plastic composites manufactured by polyethylene and polypropylene blends (PP/HDPE) were studied. The SEBS (styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene) and EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene monomer) were used as compatibilizers to improve the compatibility and miscibility of the interface between HDPE and PP phases. The sawdust and polymers were compounded using an internal mixer (Haake). The samples of wood/plastic composite were prepared by injection-molding. Mechanical properties of wood/plastic composites such as, flexural modulus and flexural strength, impact strength and tensile strength were determined. The Taguchi method was employed in order to optimize these properties. Blends of PP and PE (3 levels), MAPP content (3 levels), polymer compatibilizer content (3 levels), polymer compatibilizer (two types) were considered as variable parameters. The results indicated that wood/plastic composites containing: 80% HDPE with 20% PP blend, 4% MAPP coupling agent, 2% polymer and EPDM compatibilizers were the optimum conditions to acquire the best quality composites. The fracture surfaces of samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_537_e22fe37baba404e647e87f4b9630da09.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 24 1 2012 11 28 Poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate)/Clay Nanocomposite Latexes Synthesized via In Situ Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Miniemulsion: Activators Generated by Electron Transfer Approach Poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate)/Clay Nanocomposite Latexes Synthesized via In Situ Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Miniemulsion: Activators Generated by Electron Transfer Approach 55 67 538 10.22063/jipst.2012.538 FA Lila Hatami Vahid Haddadi Asl H. Roghani-Mamaqani L. Ahmadian-Alam M. Salami Journal Article 2012 11 28 W ater born poly(styrene-butyl acrylate)/clay nanocomposite latexes were synthesized by a novel initiating system of activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) in a system of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Initially, the clay was swelled in a mixture of styrene, butyl acrylate, and hexadecane. The mixture was then sonicated to obtain a stable miniemulsion. To synthesize poly(styrene-butyl acrylate)/clay nanocomposite latexes, the reducing agent (ascorbic acid) was added dropwise to the reactor (to reduce termination reactions). Particle size and particle size distribution of resulting nanocomposite latexes were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). These latex particles were produced with diameters in the size range of 138-171 nm. In addition, the increase in clay content led to increased particles size. Number and weight-average molecular weights of the resultant copolymer nanocomposites and their molecular weight distributions were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The narrow molecular weight distribution of the nanocomposites is an indication of a successful ATRP which was accomplished in miniemulsion formation. Using 1 H NMR, copolymers were characterized and the mol ratios of monomers in copolymer composition were calculated. X-Ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results showed the mixed intercalated and exfoliated morphologies of nanocomposites in which homogeneous distributions of clay layers in the polymer matrix have been achieved. W ater born poly(styrene-butyl acrylate)/clay nanocomposite latexes were synthesized by a novel initiating system of activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) in a system of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Initially, the clay was swelled in a mixture of styrene, butyl acrylate, and hexadecane. The mixture was then sonicated to obtain a stable miniemulsion. To synthesize poly(styrene-butyl acrylate)/clay nanocomposite latexes, the reducing agent (ascorbic acid) was added dropwise to the reactor (to reduce termination reactions). Particle size and particle size distribution of resulting nanocomposite latexes were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). These latex particles were produced with diameters in the size range of 138-171 nm. In addition, the increase in clay content led to increased particles size. Number and weight-average molecular weights of the resultant copolymer nanocomposites and their molecular weight distributions were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The narrow molecular weight distribution of the nanocomposites is an indication of a successful ATRP which was accomplished in miniemulsion formation. Using 1 H NMR, copolymers were characterized and the mol ratios of monomers in copolymer composition were calculated. X-Ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results showed the mixed intercalated and exfoliated morphologies of nanocomposites in which homogeneous distributions of clay layers in the polymer matrix have been achieved.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_538_9160b16523ec2ec4c9d05da04437f849.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 24 1 2012 11 28 Fiber Metal Laminates under Low Velocity Impact: An Experimental / Analytical Approach Fiber Metal Laminates under Low Velocity Impact: An Experimental / Analytical Approach 69 78 539 10.22063/jipst.2012.539 FA Mostafa Sabzikar Borojerdi Soheil Daryoushi Mojtaba Sedighi Journal Article 2012 11 28 Fiber/ metal laminates (FMLs) are hybrid composites consisting of alternating thin layers of metal sheets and fiber reinforced epoxy laminates. In this study, the effect of fiber orientation on impact properties of FML plates is investigated both analytically and experimentally. Two groups of specimens were prepared and tested in two different levels of impactor energy. The indentation depth and damage size after impact is measured and delamination area is specified for each specimen. Increasing impactor energy causes more fractured layers, more debonding and delaminations area but the trend was similar to lower level energy. The analysis was based on a method of minimum total potential energy and the von Karman strain displacement equations. Good agreement is obtained between the model predictions and experimental results. Fiber/ metal laminates (FMLs) are hybrid composites consisting of alternating thin layers of metal sheets and fiber reinforced epoxy laminates. In this study, the effect of fiber orientation on impact properties of FML plates is investigated both analytically and experimentally. Two groups of specimens were prepared and tested in two different levels of impactor energy. The indentation depth and damage size after impact is measured and delamination area is specified for each specimen. Increasing impactor energy causes more fractured layers, more debonding and delaminations area but the trend was similar to lower level energy. The analysis was based on a method of minimum total potential energy and the von Karman strain displacement equations. Good agreement is obtained between the model predictions and experimental results. http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_539_400fe26577c1db901a3bd1b17236cd16.pdf