Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 37 2 2024 06 21 Polyurethane/Alginate Blends: A Review Account on Preparation, Properties and Applications Polyurethane/Alginate Blends: A Review Account on Preparation, Properties and Applications 101 126 2061 10.22063/jipst.2024.3451.2255 FA Sarvenaz Nasrollahi Department of Organic Chemistry and Polymer, Fculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Postal Code 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran Abbas Mohammadi Department of Organic Chemistry and Polymer, Fculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Postal Code 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-5426-914X Hengameh Honarkar Departement of Polyurethane and Advanced Polymers, Faculty of Science, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran https://orcid.org/00 Journal Article 2024 02 04 The production and consumption of synthetic polymers have faced limitations such as strict environmental laws, limited supply of raw materials, and high production costs. Therefore, natural polymers, especially polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, chitosan, alginate, glucomannan, and agar have found wide applications for various industrial uses due to their properties, such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the main problem with these polymers is their weak mechanical properties and processability, which have limited their use. Alginate is a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, and inexpensive biopolymer that is found as part of the structural components of bacteria and brown algae in nature. Alginate can be easily modified through some physical and chemical processes and its various derivatives. The new alginate derivatives have different structures, functions, and properties, including improved mechanical strength cell affinity, and gelation properties. Polyurethanes have a wide range of applications in various industries, such as automotive, electronics, textiles, medical devices coatings, and insulation, due to their unique physical and chemical properties that can be tuned, such as flexibility, hardness, impact resistance, and moisture resistance Considering the above features of alginate and polyurethanes, extensive research has been conducted on the combination of these two materials to create new materials with special properties and novel characteristics. This article is an introduction on alginate and its derivatives as a natural polymer; and while discussing their structure properties and applications, an such extended review is presented on polyurethane alginate mixtures in various forms as films, elastomeric membranes, nanocomposites hydrogels, supramolecular ionic networks, porous scaffolds, and foams in various applications such as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, fire-resistant materials and adsorbents. The production and consumption of synthetic polymers have faced limitations such as strict environmental laws, limited supply of raw materials, and high production costs. Therefore, natural polymers, especially polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, chitosan, alginate, glucomannan, and agar have found wide applications for various industrial uses due to their properties, such as biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the main problem with these polymers is their weak mechanical properties and processability, which have limited their use. Alginate is a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, and inexpensive biopolymer that is found as part of the structural components of bacteria and brown algae in nature. Alginate can be easily modified through some physical and chemical processes and its various derivatives. The new alginate derivatives have different structures, functions, and properties, including improved mechanical strength cell affinity, and gelation properties. Polyurethanes have a wide range of applications in various industries, such as automotive, electronics, textiles, medical devices coatings, and insulation, due to their unique physical and chemical properties that can be tuned, such as flexibility, hardness, impact resistance, and moisture resistance Considering the above features of alginate and polyurethanes, extensive research has been conducted on the combination of these two materials to create new materials with special properties and novel characteristics. This article is an introduction on alginate and its derivatives as a natural polymer; and while discussing their structure properties and applications, an such extended review is presented on polyurethane alginate mixtures in various forms as films, elastomeric membranes, nanocomposites hydrogels, supramolecular ionic networks, porous scaffolds, and foams in various applications such as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, fire-resistant materials and adsorbents.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2061_30b4dc851497272b7f42ace940b1d612.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 37 2 2024 06 21 Characterization of Electrospun Scaffold Made of Polyhydroxybutyrate-Poly(ethylene glycol) Incorporated by Bioactive Glass for Bone Tissue Engineering Characterization of Electrospun Scaffold Made of Polyhydroxybutyrate-Poly(ethylene glycol) Incorporated by Bioactive Glass for Bone Tissue Engineering 127 139 2056 10.22063/jipst.2024.3553.2291 FA Elham Naghashzargar Department of Textile Engineering, University of Bonab, Postal Code: 5551395133, Bonab, Iran Amaneh Ebadi Department of Textile Engineering, University of Bonab, Postal Code: 5551395133, Bonab, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 25 Hypothesis: Bone injuries are considered to be one of the challenges of medical science, which involves heavy finances for treatment in the world every year. The use of various types of electrospun nanofibrous structures consisting of biopolymers along with bioceramics is very important in the application of bone tissue engineering. Polyhydroxybutyrate is known as a biocompatible polymer with high mechanical strength. Needless to say, properties such as its low hydrophilicity have led to its combination with other hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol. In the applications of bone tissue engineering, bioceramics, such as bioactive glass, are usually used to increase the bioactive property, which is very important in the stages of bone growth and repair. Methods: The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate a nanocomposite scaffold consisting of two polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate and polyethylene glycol containing bioactive glass prepared by electrospinning for bone tissue engineering. For this purpose, different percentages of bioactive glass from 5 to 12.5% (by wt) were added to the electrospinning solution of polyhydroxy butyrate and polyethylene glycol. The produced samples were characterized and compared in terms of functional bioactivity test. Findings: Scanning electron microscope images show successful electrospinning without interruption or any damage to the nanofiber surface. The presence of bioactive glass nanoparticles can be proven by energy dispersive X-ray test. By adding the bioactive glass component to the polymer solution, the average diameter of the produced nanofibers is increased and the value of hydrophilicity is decreased. Based on the obtained results of nanofiber diameter and hydrophilicity, 5% (by wt) of bioactive glass was decided as the optimal percentage. In the bioactivity test, the increase in bioactivity with the formation of hydroxyapatite phase on the surface of nanocomposite samples can be proven. Hypothesis: Bone injuries are considered to be one of the challenges of medical science, which involves heavy finances for treatment in the world every year. The use of various types of electrospun nanofibrous structures consisting of biopolymers along with bioceramics is very important in the application of bone tissue engineering. Polyhydroxybutyrate is known as a biocompatible polymer with high mechanical strength. Needless to say, properties such as its low hydrophilicity have led to its combination with other hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol. In the applications of bone tissue engineering, bioceramics, such as bioactive glass, are usually used to increase the bioactive property, which is very important in the stages of bone growth and repair. Methods: The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate a nanocomposite scaffold consisting of two polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate and polyethylene glycol containing bioactive glass prepared by electrospinning for bone tissue engineering. For this purpose, different percentages of bioactive glass from 5 to 12.5% (by wt) were added to the electrospinning solution of polyhydroxy butyrate and polyethylene glycol. The produced samples were characterized and compared in terms of functional bioactivity test. Findings: Scanning electron microscope images show successful electrospinning without interruption or any damage to the nanofiber surface. The presence of bioactive glass nanoparticles can be proven by energy dispersive X-ray test. By adding the bioactive glass component to the polymer solution, the average diameter of the produced nanofibers is increased and the value of hydrophilicity is decreased. Based on the obtained results of nanofiber diameter and hydrophilicity, 5% (by wt) of bioactive glass was decided as the optimal percentage. In the bioactivity test, the increase in bioactivity with the formation of hydroxyapatite phase on the surface of nanocomposite samples can be proven.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2056_58edbb1b46faf08c91a2db443623ef22.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 37 2 2024 06 21 Cellulose Extraction from Corn Husk and Its Modification with Metal-Organic Framework: Applied in the Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants Cellulose Extraction from Corn Husk and Its Modification with Metal-Organic Framework: Applied in the Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants 141 151 2057 10.22063/jipst.2024.3555.2292 FA Mohammad Sadegh Soleymani Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Razzaghi-Kashani Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4207-8573 Elmira Vafakish Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 26 Hypothesis: Today, the widespread use of drugs in health care has led to their significant flow into aquatic environments, which has negative effects on the health of the environment. One of the methods used to remove drugs from water is the chemical adsorption method, which is suggested as an efficient method for removing drugs from water due to its simple operation and cost-effectiveness Methods: Cellulose was extracted from corn husk and it was magnetized using iron oxide nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. In order to increase its specific surface area and adsorption efficiency, cellulose was modified with aluminum metal-organic framework (Cellulose@Fe3O4/Al-MOF). Magnetic cellulose adsorbent modified with metal-organic framework was used as a biosorbent to remove the drug doxorubicin from aqueous media. The chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, particle size and other properties of the absorbent were investigated and confirmed using SEM XRD, FTIR and VSM analyses. Findings: The parameters affecting the maximum absorption of doxorubicin including pH, initial concentration, adsorbent amount and contact time were optimized using Taguchi's statistical method and under the optimal conditions of pH of 6, initial concentration of 20 ppm, adsorbent amount of 2 g/L, time of 80 min and absorption capacity of 88%. The isotherm follows the Langmuir model, and the kinetics corresponds to the pseudo-first-order model, and the maximum absorption capacity was predicted as 96.15 mg/g according to the Langmuir model. In addition the thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process of doxorubicin drug by magnetic cellulose modified with metal-organic framework adsorbent is spontaneous exothermic and associated with entropy reduction. The results of the adsorptiondesorption study showed that the adsorbent has very good stability, because it can be reused for 7 cycles without losing its effectiveness Hypothesis: Today, the widespread use of drugs in health care has led to their significant flow into aquatic environments, which has negative effects on the health of the environment. One of the methods used to remove drugs from water is the chemical adsorption method, which is suggested as an efficient method for removing drugs from water due to its simple operation and cost-effectiveness Methods: Cellulose was extracted from corn husk and it was magnetized using iron oxide nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. In order to increase its specific surface area and adsorption efficiency, cellulose was modified with aluminum metal-organic framework (Cellulose@Fe3O4/Al-MOF). Magnetic cellulose adsorbent modified with metal-organic framework was used as a biosorbent to remove the drug doxorubicin from aqueous media. The chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, particle size and other properties of the absorbent were investigated and confirmed using SEM XRD, FTIR and VSM analyses. Findings: The parameters affecting the maximum absorption of doxorubicin including pH, initial concentration, adsorbent amount and contact time were optimized using Taguchi's statistical method and under the optimal conditions of pH of 6, initial concentration of 20 ppm, adsorbent amount of 2 g/L, time of 80 min and absorption capacity of 88%. The isotherm follows the Langmuir model, and the kinetics corresponds to the pseudo-first-order model, and the maximum absorption capacity was predicted as 96.15 mg/g according to the Langmuir model. In addition the thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process of doxorubicin drug by magnetic cellulose modified with metal-organic framework adsorbent is spontaneous exothermic and associated with entropy reduction. The results of the adsorptiondesorption study showed that the adsorbent has very good stability, because it can be reused for 7 cycles without losing its effectiveness

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2057_dffa8659e98bb05c291c75cd3d6eec33.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 37 2 2024 06 21 Cellulose extraction from corn husk and its modification with metal-organic framework and its use to remove pharmaceutical pollutants Cellulose extraction from corn husk and its modification with metal-organic framework and its use to remove pharmaceutical pollutants 153 168 2054 10.22063/jipst.2024.3624.2316 FA Alireza Hazrati Advanced Polymer Material Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Postal Code: 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran Mehdi Barzegarzadeh Advanced Polymer Material Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Postal Code: 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad Sadegh Aminifazl Advanced Polymer Material Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Postal Code: 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 05 Hypothesis: Today, the widespread use of drugs in health care has led to their significant flow into aquatic environments, which has negative effects on the health of the environment. One of the methods used to remove drugs from water is the chemical adsorption method, which is suggested as an efficient method for removing drugs from water due to its simple operation and cost-effectiveness. Methods: In this study, cellulose was extracted from corn husk and then it was magnetized using iron oxide nanoparticles by coprecipitation method and in order to increase the specific surface area and adsorption efficiency, it was modified with aluminum metal-organic framework (Cellulose@Fe3O4/Al-MOF). Magnetic cellulose adsorbent modified with metal-organic framework was used as a biosorbent to remove the drug doxorubicin from aqueous media. The chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, particle size and other properties of the absorbent were investigated and confirmed using SEM, XRD, FT-IR and VSM analyses. Findings: The parameters affecting the maximum absorption of doxorubicin including pH, initial concentration, adsorbent amount and contact time were optimized using Taguchi's statistical method and in optimal conditions of pH = 6, the initial concentration was equal to 20 ppm, the amount of adsorbent was equal to 2 g/L, and in 80 minutes, the absorption capacity was 88%. The isotherm follows the Langmuir model, and the kinetics corresponds to the pseudo-first-order model, and the maximum absorption capacity was predicted as 96.15 mg/g according to the Langmuir model. In addition, the thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process of doxorubicin drug by magnetic cellulose modified with metal-organic framework adsorbent is spontaneous, exothermic and associated with entropy reduction. Also, the results of the adsorption-desorption study showed that the adsorbent has very good stability; Because it can be reused for 7 cycles without losing its effectiveness. Hypothesis: Today, the widespread use of drugs in health care has led to their significant flow into aquatic environments, which has negative effects on the health of the environment. One of the methods used to remove drugs from water is the chemical adsorption method, which is suggested as an efficient method for removing drugs from water due to its simple operation and cost-effectiveness. Methods: In this study, cellulose was extracted from corn husk and then it was magnetized using iron oxide nanoparticles by coprecipitation method and in order to increase the specific surface area and adsorption efficiency, it was modified with aluminum metal-organic framework (Cellulose@Fe3O4/Al-MOF). Magnetic cellulose adsorbent modified with metal-organic framework was used as a biosorbent to remove the drug doxorubicin from aqueous media. The chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, particle size and other properties of the absorbent were investigated and confirmed using SEM, XRD, FT-IR and VSM analyses. Findings: The parameters affecting the maximum absorption of doxorubicin including pH, initial concentration, adsorbent amount and contact time were optimized using Taguchi's statistical method and in optimal conditions of pH = 6, the initial concentration was equal to 20 ppm, the amount of adsorbent was equal to 2 g/L, and in 80 minutes, the absorption capacity was 88%. The isotherm follows the Langmuir model, and the kinetics corresponds to the pseudo-first-order model, and the maximum absorption capacity was predicted as 96.15 mg/g according to the Langmuir model. In addition, the thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process of doxorubicin drug by magnetic cellulose modified with metal-organic framework adsorbent is spontaneous, exothermic and associated with entropy reduction. Also, the results of the adsorption-desorption study showed that the adsorbent has very good stability; Because it can be reused for 7 cycles without losing its effectiveness.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2054_a5b699fe44f3417ca9981fc30b9a23e8.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 37 2 2024 06 21 Mechanical Behavior of Filled Rubber Compounds: Hyper-Elastic Models Based on Strain Amplification Mechanical Behavior of Filled Rubber Compounds: Hyper-Elastic Models Based on Strain Amplification 169 179 2060 10.22063/jipst.2024.3647.2326 FA Mir Hamid Reza Ghoreishy Department of Rubber Processing and Engineering, Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14975-112, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-9055-6202 Foroud Abbassi-Sourki Department of Rubber Processing and Engineering, Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14975-112, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 09 Hypothesis: The hyperelastic behavior of the rubber compounds filled with reinforcing fillers (carbon black) is dependent on the filler content. The previous theories for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of these materials are based on phenomenological relationships. In this research, a new approach based on the amplified strain theory is presented and its reliability and applicability are examined for a rubber compound reinforced with different carbon black contents Methods: Six rubber compounds based on SBR reinforced with different carbon black contents (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 phr) as well as the neat compound were prepared. The mechanical behavior of these compounds under uniaxial tension mode, volumetric changes, compression, and simple shear modes were experimentally determined. The Yeoh material model was selected for the neat compound and material constants were calibrated using the uniaxial and volumetric changes data. Two strain amplification relationships were selected including the Bergstrom-Boyce and our newly proposed models. The parameters of the latter model were determined using an optimization algorithm in which a new UHYPER subroutine was developed and linked to Abaqus main code. To assess the proposed model and comparing it with the Bergstrom Boyce model the simulation results obtained from the finite element model of the uniaxial, compression, and simple shear tests were compared with their corresponding experimental data. Findings: The results showed that hyperelastic behaviors of the filled rubber compounds, predicted by our developed strain amplified model, are more accurate than those obtained by the Bergstrom-Boyce equation. It is also found that the combination of the Yeoh hyperelastic model with our proposed relationship can precisely predict the mechanical behavior under different modes of loadings.. Hypothesis: The hyperelastic behavior of the rubber compounds filled with reinforcing fillers (carbon black) is dependent on the filler content. The previous theories for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of these materials are based on phenomenological relationships. In this research, a new approach based on the amplified strain theory is presented and its reliability and applicability are examined for a rubber compound reinforced with different carbon black contents Methods: Six rubber compounds based on SBR reinforced with different carbon black contents (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 phr) as well as the neat compound were prepared. The mechanical behavior of these compounds under uniaxial tension mode, volumetric changes, compression, and simple shear modes were experimentally determined. The Yeoh material model was selected for the neat compound and material constants were calibrated using the uniaxial and volumetric changes data. Two strain amplification relationships were selected including the Bergstrom-Boyce and our newly proposed models. The parameters of the latter model were determined using an optimization algorithm in which a new UHYPER subroutine was developed and linked to Abaqus main code. To assess the proposed model and comparing it with the Bergstrom Boyce model the simulation results obtained from the finite element model of the uniaxial, compression, and simple shear tests were compared with their corresponding experimental data. Findings: The results showed that hyperelastic behaviors of the filled rubber compounds, predicted by our developed strain amplified model, are more accurate than those obtained by the Bergstrom-Boyce equation. It is also found that the combination of the Yeoh hyperelastic model with our proposed relationship can precisely predict the mechanical behavior under different modes of loadings..

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2060_e4716b4b858adc659a1403554704c7e9.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 37 2 2024 06 21 A Modified Carbon Monofilament Effect on Shape Stability, Leakage Reduction, and Thermal Storage Efficiency of Phase Change System Based on Poly(ethylene glycol) A Modified Carbon Monofilament Effect on Shape Stability, Leakage Reduction, and Thermal Storage Efficiency of Phase Change System Based on Poly(ethylene glycol) 181 194 2053 10.22063/jipst.2024.35533.2295 FA Fateme Karimi Eskaboni Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran Golnoosh Abdeali PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37HD68 Athlone, Ireland Azadeh Seifi Department of Gas and Petroleum, Yasouj University, Gachsaran, Iran 0009-0008-6736-4817 Ahmad Reza Bahramian Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9224-1527 Journal Article 2024 09 11 Hypothesis: Phase change materials (PCMs) can store latent heat energy during the phase change from solid to liquid. In previous studies, researchers have usually used the microencapsulation method to solve the leakage problem during melting. However, this method has led to issues such as high cost, difficulty of encapsulation, low thermal conductivity, and complexity of product quality control. In this research, to solve the problem of leakage, the method of impregnating PCMs into a porous supporting structure has been used. The porosity of the supporting material allows the phase change material (in liquid state) to flow freely throughout the 3D network and accommodates a greater percentage of PCM. Porous materials prevent the leakage of PCMs due to the improvement of capillary force Methods: To solve the leakage issue of PEG, as the PCM, carbon monofilaments (CF) were used as a supporting material and adapted to improve the compatibility with PEG. After oxidizing CF by acidic solution, its surface modification was done with toluene di-isocyanate and ethylene glycol at a temperature of 90 ºC. The new phase change system was made by impregnating molten PEG in modified CF with a combination of 3 to 6% by weight at 80°C Findings: Chemical modification can create various functional groups on the surface of CF and, as a result, better miscibility with PEG. Due to the physical connection between PEG and modified CF, the leakage of the phase change system reached 2.42%, while the enthalpy efficiency of the system decreased by only 15%. On the other hand, the thermal diffusivity of the phase change system containing CF was found as 1.2 ×10-8 m2. s-1. So an integrated and stable system with a thermal energy absorption of about 44% has been created. Hypothesis: Phase change materials (PCMs) can store latent heat energy during the phase change from solid to liquid. In previous studies, researchers have usually used the microencapsulation method to solve the leakage problem during melting. However, this method has led to issues such as high cost, difficulty of encapsulation, low thermal conductivity, and complexity of product quality control. In this research, to solve the problem of leakage, the method of impregnating PCMs into a porous supporting structure has been used. The porosity of the supporting material allows the phase change material (in liquid state) to flow freely throughout the 3D network and accommodates a greater percentage of PCM. Porous materials prevent the leakage of PCMs due to the improvement of capillary force Methods: To solve the leakage issue of PEG, as the PCM, carbon monofilaments (CF) were used as a supporting material and adapted to improve the compatibility with PEG. After oxidizing CF by acidic solution, its surface modification was done with toluene di-isocyanate and ethylene glycol at a temperature of 90 ºC. The new phase change system was made by impregnating molten PEG in modified CF with a combination of 3 to 6% by weight at 80°C Findings: Chemical modification can create various functional groups on the surface of CF and, as a result, better miscibility with PEG. Due to the physical connection between PEG and modified CF, the leakage of the phase change system reached 2.42%, while the enthalpy efficiency of the system decreased by only 15%. On the other hand, the thermal diffusivity of the phase change system containing CF was found as 1.2 ×10-8 m2. s-1. So an integrated and stable system with a thermal energy absorption of about 44% has been created.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2053_9146c84b5701c22aa53487542258a183.pdf