Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 38 4 2025 10 23 Antibacterial Properties of Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Collagen, Chitosan and Ganoderma Antibacterial Properties of Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Collagen, Chitosan and Ganoderma 2177 10.22063/jipst.2026.35617.2361 FA Alieyh Safamanesh Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran Hadi Sarir Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran 0000-0001-6073-9315 TAYEBE MOMENI Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran 0009-0004-8460-1803 Journal Article 2024 12 18 Hypothesis: Bacterial infections are among the most significant public health challenges worldwide and continue to pose a serious threat to patients, particularly in cases of chronic wounds, burns, and hospital-acquired infections. With the increasing resistance of various bacterial strains to conventional antibiotics, the need for discovering new and effective therapeutic approaches has become more urgent than ever. In this regard, electrospun nanofibers have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties, such as high specific surface area, large surface-to-volume ratio, tunable structural characteristics, and excellent biocompatibility. These features make them a promising and innovative platform for controlled drug delivery systems and the development of antibacterial wound dressings. Methods: The aim of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the antibacterial properties of electrospun nanofibers based on natural compounds, including collagen, chitosan, and Ganoderma extract (CCG). In this research, nanofibers were fabricated using the electrospinning technique from solutions containing an optimized combination of collagen, chitosan, and Ganoderma extract. The morphology and surface structure of the nanofibers were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results revealed that the obtained fibers possessed a smooth, uniform, and bead-free morphology with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups corresponding to collagen, chitosan, and the bioactive compounds found in the Ganoderma extract. Finding: The antibacterial activity of CCG nanofibers was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and the Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) using the disk diffusion assay. The results demonstrated that the CCG nanofibers exhibited significant inhibitory effects against all three bacterial strains. Overall, the findings indicate that CCG nanofibers possess great potential as biocompatible, which could serve as an effective alternative to conventional dressings for wound healing applications. Hypothesis: Bacterial infections are among the most significant public health challenges worldwide and continue to pose a serious threat to patients, particularly in cases of chronic wounds, burns, and hospital-acquired infections. With the increasing resistance of various bacterial strains to conventional antibiotics, the need for discovering new and effective therapeutic approaches has become more urgent than ever. In this regard, electrospun nanofibers have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties, such as high specific surface area, large surface-to-volume ratio, tunable structural characteristics, and excellent biocompatibility. These features make them a promising and innovative platform for controlled drug delivery systems and the development of antibacterial wound dressings. Methods: The aim of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the antibacterial properties of electrospun nanofibers based on natural compounds, including collagen, chitosan, and Ganoderma extract (CCG). In this research, nanofibers were fabricated using the electrospinning technique from solutions containing an optimized combination of collagen, chitosan, and Ganoderma extract. The morphology and surface structure of the nanofibers were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results revealed that the obtained fibers possessed a smooth, uniform, and bead-free morphology with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups corresponding to collagen, chitosan, and the bioactive compounds found in the Ganoderma extract. Finding: The antibacterial activity of CCG nanofibers was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and the Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) using the disk diffusion assay. The results demonstrated that the CCG nanofibers exhibited significant inhibitory effects against all three bacterial strains. Overall, the findings indicate that CCG nanofibers possess great potential as biocompatible, which could serve as an effective alternative to conventional dressings for wound healing applications.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2177_49ddc14ba9452acf225bb6201fda62d1.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 38 4 2025 10 23 Mesenchymal Cell Growth on PVA/MWCNT Electrospun Scaffold Under Dynamic Conditions Mesenchymal Cell Growth on PVA/MWCNT Electrospun Scaffold Under Dynamic Conditions 2169 10.22063/jipst.2026.35746.2411 FA Narges Pishehvar Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-114, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Mehrdad Kokbi 0000-0003--1826-1949 Shahram Pourbeiranvand Anatomical Science Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 2025 07 26 Hypothesis: The main components in tissue engineering are scaffolds, cells, and growth factors. Also, the use of a bioreactor can provide a greater similarity to tissue conditions by mimicking physiology. The hypothesis of this research is to confirm the synergistic effect of dynamic conditions on the adhesion, growth, and proliferation of mesenchymal cells cultured on a conductive electrospun scaffold. Methods: Nanocomposite scaffolds based on polyvinyl alcohol and multiwalled carbon nanotubes at concentrations up to 0.3% (by wt) were prepared. SEM images were used to examine the fiber arrangement of the scaffolds, while mechanical and porosimetry tests were employed to assess their characteristics. A special bioreactor was designed and constructed to simulate dynamic conditions such as heart beat. The acridine orange test was used to examine cell growth. Findings: SEM images revealed the fiber arrangement of nanocomposite scaffolds composed of nanofibers with diameters ranging from 60 to 90 nm, exhibiting a porosity of more than 80%. By applying heat treatment, water absorption decreased to less than 10%, and the contact angle ranged from 31 to 57 degrees, both indicating the structural stability of the samples in aqueous environments. The results of the mechanical properties test of the scaffolds showed an increase in the modulus of the scaffolds up to 2 times and a decrease in the elongation-at-break compared to the pure scaffold. The results of the cell viability test, cell morphology by SEM, and acridine orange cell staining after 48 h, confirmed the non-toxicity of the scaffolds. By comparing on pure scaffolds and nanocomposite scaffolds, the positive effect of conductivity on cell growth and proliferation is evident. Additionally, comparing the impact of dynamic conditions with static conditions reveals that nanocomposite scaffolds under dynamic conditions provided better cell proliferation and adhesion. The scaffold containing 0.2% (by wt) MWCNT exhibited the best biological performance. Hypothesis: The main components in tissue engineering are scaffolds, cells, and growth factors. Also, the use of a bioreactor can provide a greater similarity to tissue conditions by mimicking physiology. The hypothesis of this research is to confirm the synergistic effect of dynamic conditions on the adhesion, growth, and proliferation of mesenchymal cells cultured on a conductive electrospun scaffold. Methods: Nanocomposite scaffolds based on polyvinyl alcohol and multiwalled carbon nanotubes at concentrations up to 0.3% (by wt) were prepared. SEM images were used to examine the fiber arrangement of the scaffolds, while mechanical and porosimetry tests were employed to assess their characteristics. A special bioreactor was designed and constructed to simulate dynamic conditions such as heart beat. The acridine orange test was used to examine cell growth. Findings: SEM images revealed the fiber arrangement of nanocomposite scaffolds composed of nanofibers with diameters ranging from 60 to 90 nm, exhibiting a porosity of more than 80%. By applying heat treatment, water absorption decreased to less than 10%, and the contact angle ranged from 31 to 57 degrees, both indicating the structural stability of the samples in aqueous environments. The results of the mechanical properties test of the scaffolds showed an increase in the modulus of the scaffolds up to 2 times and a decrease in the elongation-at-break compared to the pure scaffold. The results of the cell viability test, cell morphology by SEM, and acridine orange cell staining after 48 h, confirmed the non-toxicity of the scaffolds. By comparing on pure scaffolds and nanocomposite scaffolds, the positive effect of conductivity on cell growth and proliferation is evident. Additionally, comparing the impact of dynamic conditions with static conditions reveals that nanocomposite scaffolds under dynamic conditions provided better cell proliferation and adhesion. The scaffold containing 0.2% (by wt) MWCNT exhibited the best biological performance.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2169_750a611acb36656ab23193b651c88225.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 38 4 2025 10 23 Mechanism of Layer Formation in Asymmetric Flat-sheet Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Membranes Mechanism of Layer Formation in Asymmetric Flat-sheet Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Membranes 2163 10.22063/jipst.2026.35763.2419 FA Mehrdad Asadolahi Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-0905-1811 Mohammad Mohammadalipour Department of Polymer Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 96179-76487, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 01 Hypothesis: The morphology of flat membranes, as one of the determining factors, plays a fundamental role in their functional properties, including permeability, selectivity, and mechanical strength. Precise adjustment of surface structure and membrane porosity enables optimization of separation processes and leads to significant improvements in efficiency and performance in industrial applications. Specifically, in the water and wastewater industry, controlling membrane morphology enhances fouling resistance and increases the operational lifetime of membranes. Methods: An asymmetric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) flat membrane was fabricated using the wet-casting method. To analyze the resulting morphology, a comprehensive kinetic and thermodynamic investigation of the polymer solutions was conducted to identify and explain the mechanisms governing the formation of the different layers in the asymmetric PVDF membrane structure. Findings: The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed that the upper surface (active layer), cross-section, and bottom surface of the membrane exhibited distinctly different morphologies. These differences were attributed to the thermodynamic behavior and mass transfer pathways within the various layers of the cast film. ATR-FTIR results further demonstrated that morphological changes in the membrane led to microstructural variations on the upper and bottom surfaces, ultimately strengthening the β-phase in the PVDF polymer chains at the bottom surface. In addition, contact angle measurements showed that the water contact angle on the upper surface was 90°, whereas on the bottom surface it was 101°. The performance of the prepared membranes was evaluated in a membrane distillation system, and the results showed that the best membrane had a salt rejection of 99% and a permeate flux of 2.8 kg/m².h. Overall, it can be concluded that a precise understanding of the mechanisms governing the formation of different layers in asymmetric flat membranes enables control over the physical and chemical properties of the membrane surface, a goal partially achieved in this study. Hypothesis: The morphology of flat membranes, as one of the determining factors, plays a fundamental role in their functional properties, including permeability, selectivity, and mechanical strength. Precise adjustment of surface structure and membrane porosity enables optimization of separation processes and leads to significant improvements in efficiency and performance in industrial applications. Specifically, in the water and wastewater industry, controlling membrane morphology enhances fouling resistance and increases the operational lifetime of membranes. Methods: An asymmetric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) flat membrane was fabricated using the wet-casting method. To analyze the resulting morphology, a comprehensive kinetic and thermodynamic investigation of the polymer solutions was conducted to identify and explain the mechanisms governing the formation of the different layers in the asymmetric PVDF membrane structure. Findings: The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed that the upper surface (active layer), cross-section, and bottom surface of the membrane exhibited distinctly different morphologies. These differences were attributed to the thermodynamic behavior and mass transfer pathways within the various layers of the cast film. ATR-FTIR results further demonstrated that morphological changes in the membrane led to microstructural variations on the upper and bottom surfaces, ultimately strengthening the β-phase in the PVDF polymer chains at the bottom surface. In addition, contact angle measurements showed that the water contact angle on the upper surface was 90°, whereas on the bottom surface it was 101°. The performance of the prepared membranes was evaluated in a membrane distillation system, and the results showed that the best membrane had a salt rejection of 99% and a permeate flux of 2.8 kg/m².h. Overall, it can be concluded that a precise understanding of the mechanisms governing the formation of different layers in asymmetric flat membranes enables control over the physical and chemical properties of the membrane surface, a goal partially achieved in this study.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2163_fca6b3404a8d6fbeaf7f83efc7c466f7.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 38 4 2025 10 23 Application of polyvinyl chloride-based membrane as the separator in supercapacitors: synthesis and performance studies Application of polyvinyl chloride-based membrane as the separator in supercapacitors: synthesis and performance studies 2168 10.22063/jipst.2026.35779.2426 FA Faezeh Koozehgar Kaleji Chemical Engineering Faculty, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol, Iran Gholamreza Bakeri Chemical Engineering Faculty, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol, Iran Mohammad Soleimani . Fuel Cell Electrochemistry and Advanced Material Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering Modern Technologies, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran Journal Article 2025 09 20 Hypothesis: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based membranes have limited hydrophilicity and so far, have not been used as the separator in supercapacitors. Despite their favorable chemical stability and low cost, the inherent limitations of these membranes (including hydrophobicity) could limit their application in supercapacitor-based energy storage systems. This study investigates the utilization of pure PVC membrane in this application and evaluates its performance. Methods: Pure PVC membrane at 11% (by wt) was fabricated using the phase inversion method and various tests including contact angle measurement, average pore size, porosity and water flux were performed to determine its properties. Then, the electrochemical tests EIS, CV and GCD were performed to determine the ion transport resistance of the membrane and its performance stability as the separator in a supercapacitor. Findings: The contact angle of 86.17o indicated moderate hydrophobicity of the membrane, while the average pore size (5.7 nm) and high porosity (91.8%) facilitated the ion transport in the membrane structure. In addition, the suitable pure water flux (87.5 L/m2/h) confirmed the proper permeability of the membrane. SEM images of the membrane cross-section showed porosity with fingerlike pores, confirming the proper permeability of the membrane. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed low resistance for ionic conductivity of the membrane (0.17 ohms), confirming the suitability of the membrane for application in supercapacitors. Furthermore, the membrane was assembled in a supercapacitor consisting of two copper plates coated with activated carbon and its performance was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests, which indicated reversibility and stability in charging and discharging of the supercapacitor. These results demonstrate the high potential of pure PVC membrane as an efficient and cost-effective separator in supercapacitors. Hypothesis: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based membranes have limited hydrophilicity and so far, have not been used as the separator in supercapacitors. Despite their favorable chemical stability and low cost, the inherent limitations of these membranes (including hydrophobicity) could limit their application in supercapacitor-based energy storage systems. This study investigates the utilization of pure PVC membrane in this application and evaluates its performance. Methods: Pure PVC membrane at 11% (by wt) was fabricated using the phase inversion method and various tests including contact angle measurement, average pore size, porosity and water flux were performed to determine its properties. Then, the electrochemical tests EIS, CV and GCD were performed to determine the ion transport resistance of the membrane and its performance stability as the separator in a supercapacitor. Findings: The contact angle of 86.17o indicated moderate hydrophobicity of the membrane, while the average pore size (5.7 nm) and high porosity (91.8%) facilitated the ion transport in the membrane structure. In addition, the suitable pure water flux (87.5 L/m2/h) confirmed the proper permeability of the membrane. SEM images of the membrane cross-section showed porosity with fingerlike pores, confirming the proper permeability of the membrane. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed low resistance for ionic conductivity of the membrane (0.17 ohms), confirming the suitability of the membrane for application in supercapacitors. Furthermore, the membrane was assembled in a supercapacitor consisting of two copper plates coated with activated carbon and its performance was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests, which indicated reversibility and stability in charging and discharging of the supercapacitor. These results demonstrate the high potential of pure PVC membrane as an efficient and cost-effective separator in supercapacitors.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2168_e9769a85ee4a69b2c1aee14736482ec8.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 38 4 2025 10 23 Using Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation to Investigate the Role of Allylic and Acrylic Radicals in Furfuryl Acrylate Photopolymerization Using Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation to Investigate the Role of Allylic and Acrylic Radicals in Furfuryl Acrylate Photopolymerization 2165 10.22063/jipst.2026.35802.2435 FA Mehdi Zolfi Zinab Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology Negin Bayati Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology Alireza Mahjub Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran Journal Article 2025 10 29 Hypothesis: Complex photopolymerization kinetics of furfuryl acrylate could be governed by the competitive interactions between two distinct reactive sites, the acrylic vinyl group and the furan ring. The formation of stable allylic radicals from the furan ring leads to their significant accumulation within the system, causing a fundamental deviation from classical free-radical polymerization kinetics. Methods: A Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation was developed for the first time to simulate the photopolymerization of furfuryl acrylate at a molecular scale. The simulation was initialized with a system of 10¹¹ furfuryl acrylate molecules and incorporated a mechanism of 11 distinct reaction pathways. A custom C++ code, employing a Mersenne Twister random number generator for stochastic selection of reactions and time steps, was used to track the evolution of species concentrations, monomer conversion, and reaction probabilities over time. Findings: The simulation results show excellent agreement with experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the simulation approach. One of the findings of this study was the identification of the pivotal role of stable allylic radicals and their gradual accumulation within the system. These radical species attained concentrations substantially exceeding those of acrylic radicals, thereby resulting in a deviation from classical polymerization kinetics. The intermolecular degradative chain transfer was identified as the most influential side reaction with a 30–39% probability, serving as the primary factor for the significant reduction in both molecular weight and polymerization rate. The ratio of the rate constant for intermolecular degradative chain transfer to propagation plays a significant role in controlling the final structure at different temperatures. This research not only provides a deep fundamental understanding of the polymerization mechanism of furanic monomers but also offers a computational framework for optimizing the synthesis of furfuryl acrylate-based polymers for advanced applications in areas such as biomaterials. Hypothesis: Complex photopolymerization kinetics of furfuryl acrylate could be governed by the competitive interactions between two distinct reactive sites, the acrylic vinyl group and the furan ring. The formation of stable allylic radicals from the furan ring leads to their significant accumulation within the system, causing a fundamental deviation from classical free-radical polymerization kinetics. Methods: A Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation was developed for the first time to simulate the photopolymerization of furfuryl acrylate at a molecular scale. The simulation was initialized with a system of 10¹¹ furfuryl acrylate molecules and incorporated a mechanism of 11 distinct reaction pathways. A custom C++ code, employing a Mersenne Twister random number generator for stochastic selection of reactions and time steps, was used to track the evolution of species concentrations, monomer conversion, and reaction probabilities over time. Findings: The simulation results show excellent agreement with experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the simulation approach. One of the findings of this study was the identification of the pivotal role of stable allylic radicals and their gradual accumulation within the system. These radical species attained concentrations substantially exceeding those of acrylic radicals, thereby resulting in a deviation from classical polymerization kinetics. The intermolecular degradative chain transfer was identified as the most influential side reaction with a 30–39% probability, serving as the primary factor for the significant reduction in both molecular weight and polymerization rate. The ratio of the rate constant for intermolecular degradative chain transfer to propagation plays a significant role in controlling the final structure at different temperatures. This research not only provides a deep fundamental understanding of the polymerization mechanism of furanic monomers but also offers a computational framework for optimizing the synthesis of furfuryl acrylate-based polymers for advanced applications in areas such as biomaterials.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2165_b48c2f2813fa0215e6b7090c76b00647.pdf

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 10163255 38 4 2025 10 23 Tuning the Actuation Performance of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Cloisite 30B Piezoelectric Nanofibers Tuning the Actuation Performance of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Cloisite 30B Piezoelectric Nanofibers 2176 10.22063/jipst.2026.35826.2441 FA Sobhan Sharafkhani Department of Chemical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran 0009-0005-8848-6395 Journal Article 2025 12 10 Hypothesis: Piezoelectric actuators, which can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, have gained great interest in soft robotic systems, medical instruments, artificial muscles, electronic devices, etc. Nanostructure tailoring via the cooperative effects of creating geometrical confinement, chain orientation, and nanoparticle addition can remarkably enhance piezoelectric properties and actuation performance. Methods: Preferably oriented polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers containing a low amount of Cloisite 30B were introduced by electrospinning on a wire-framed rotating drum. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) has been used to observe the morphology and diameter distribution of the nanofibers. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed dispersion of Cloisite 30B nanoparticles inside the nanofibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) observed the crystalline structure of the nanofibers. The mechanical properties were measured using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Finally, nanofibers were used as the unimorphous cantilever beam to evaluate the piezoelectric performance. Findings: The synergistic effects of preferential alignment, reduced fiber diameter, and Cloisite 30B platelets caused the tailoring of the polar β crystalline phase in PVDF. The well-oriented PVDF/Cloisite 30B nanofibers exhibited a smooth morphology with an average diameter beneath 100 nm and a β-phase fraction of ~88%. The probable polymer chain-clay platelet interfacial interactions are responsible for a ~84% increase in the elastic modulus of the oriented PVDF nanofibers. Previously, the geometrical constraint (preferential orientation and fiber diameter reduction) had led to a 63% increase in the elastic modulus of pristine and random PVDF nanofibers. The electrospun nanofibers showed the maximum piezoelectric deflection of 11.2 μm in response to the electric field of 2 V/μm when used as a unimorphous cantilever beam, which is higher or comparable to the previously published data in literature. These results indicate that the produced PVDF/Cloisite 30B nanofibers are promising candidates for lightweight, flexible, and nano-dimensional piezoelectric actuators in next-generation multifunctional structures. Hypothesis: Piezoelectric actuators, which can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, have gained great interest in soft robotic systems, medical instruments, artificial muscles, electronic devices, etc. Nanostructure tailoring via the cooperative effects of creating geometrical confinement, chain orientation, and nanoparticle addition can remarkably enhance piezoelectric properties and actuation performance. Methods: Preferably oriented polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers containing a low amount of Cloisite 30B were introduced by electrospinning on a wire-framed rotating drum. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) has been used to observe the morphology and diameter distribution of the nanofibers. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed dispersion of Cloisite 30B nanoparticles inside the nanofibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) observed the crystalline structure of the nanofibers. The mechanical properties were measured using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Finally, nanofibers were used as the unimorphous cantilever beam to evaluate the piezoelectric performance. Findings: The synergistic effects of preferential alignment, reduced fiber diameter, and Cloisite 30B platelets caused the tailoring of the polar β crystalline phase in PVDF. The well-oriented PVDF/Cloisite 30B nanofibers exhibited a smooth morphology with an average diameter beneath 100 nm and a β-phase fraction of ~88%. The probable polymer chain-clay platelet interfacial interactions are responsible for a ~84% increase in the elastic modulus of the oriented PVDF nanofibers. Previously, the geometrical constraint (preferential orientation and fiber diameter reduction) had led to a 63% increase in the elastic modulus of pristine and random PVDF nanofibers. The electrospun nanofibers showed the maximum piezoelectric deflection of 11.2 μm in response to the electric field of 2 V/μm when used as a unimorphous cantilever beam, which is higher or comparable to the previously published data in literature. These results indicate that the produced PVDF/Cloisite 30B nanofibers are promising candidates for lightweight, flexible, and nano-dimensional piezoelectric actuators in next-generation multifunctional structures.

http://jips.ippi.ac.ir/article_2176_fcf4eb6f8068da7b4083ca73536b8cf0.pdf