مروری بر پلی‌یورتان‌های آب‌پایه‌‌ بر پایه روغن کرچک

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

تهران، پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران، صندوق پستی 112-14975

چکیده

پلی‌یورتان‌ها که حاصل واکنش پلی‌ال‌ها با دی‌ایزوسیانات‌ها هستند، به‌دلیل تنوع در مواد اولیه، روش‌های سنتز و خواص، به‌عنوان یکی از پرمصرف‌ترین پلیمرها در صنایع مختلف مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. افزایش تقاضا، توجه بازار جهانی و استفاده فراوان از این دسته از پلیمرها موجب مصرف عمده پلی‌ال‌ها و ایزوسیانات‌های پایه‌نفتی شده است. با وجود این، چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی و بحران نفت خام، علاقه‌مندی به منابع تجدیدپذیر و سامانه‌های بر پایه شیمی سبز را افزایش داده است. در این راستا، یکی از چالش‌برانگیزترین اهداف در سنتز پلی‌یورتان‌ها، جایگزینی سامانه‌های حلال‌پایه برای کاهش انتشار ترکیبات آلی فرار و استفاده از آب به‌عنوان حلال ایمن بوده که موجب توسعه پلی‌یورتان‌های آب‌پایه (waterborne polyurethanes, WPUs) شده است. سمی‌نبودن، اشتعال‌ناپذیری، سازگاری با محیط‌‌زیست‌ و نیز کاربردهای گسترده WPUها در پلاستیک‌ها، رنگ‌ها، چسب‌ها، جوهر چاپ و زیست‌مواد از دلایل توسعه روزافزون این سامانه‌های آب‌پایه بوده است. از آنجا که فقط چند دی‌ایزوسیانات به‌طور تجاری برای سنتز WPUها دردسترس است، بنابراین انتخاب پلی‌ال تعیین‌کننده خواص در WPUهاست. روغن‌های طبیعی، پلی‌ساکاریدها، چوب و پروتئین‌ها پرمصرف‌ترین مواد اولیه تجدیدپذیر بوده که از این میان، روغن‌های گیاهی یکی از سودمندترین گزینه‌ها هستند و به‌طور گسترده بررسی ‌شده‌اند. امروزه زیست‌پلی‌ال‌های حاصل از روغن‌های گیاهی مختلف در سنتز WPUها اهمیت یافته‌اند. اما، روغن کرچک به‌دلیل دسترس‌پذیری، زیست‌تخریب‌پذیری و داشتن گروه‌های هیدروکسیل ذاتی‌، به‌عنوان جایگزین عالی پلی‌ال‌های پایه‌نفتی توجه ویژه‌ای را جلب کرده و در ترکیبات پلی‌یورتانی به‌کار گرفته شده است. از این‌رو، با توجه به اهمیت زیست‌پلی‌ال‌ها و نقش آن‌ها در توسعه WPUهای بر پایه روغن‌های گیاهی، در مقاله حاضر ضمن معرفی مختصر WPUها و روش‌های سنتز آن‌ها، خواص WPUهای بر پایه روغن کرچک به‌عنوان تنها پلی‌ال طبیعی، مرور شده و برخی از رویکردهای سبز برای دستیابی به تصویری واضح از کاربردهای فعلی و بالقوه آینده WPUهای بر پایه این روغن در زمینه‌های مختلف معرفی شده‌اند.     

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Castor Oil-Based Waterborne Polyurethanes: An Overview

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hajar Jamshidi
  • Hengameh Honarkar
  • Mina Mashhadi Farahani
  • Shokoufeh Hakim
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Polyurethanes, mainly synthesized by addition reactions of polyols with diisocyanates, have been considered as the most widely used polymers in various industries due to the variety of raw materials, synthetic methods and properties. The high demand, the significant share of the world market and the abundant use of this category of polymers have involved the major consumption of petroleum-based polyols and diisocyanates. Nonetheless, environmental challenges and the crude oil crisis have led to greater interest in renewable resources and systems based on green chemistry. Today, with the synthesis of waterborne polyurethanes) WPUs) and the use of water as a safe solvent, the release of volatile organic compounds and the production of solvent-based systems have been prevented to a considerable extent. The non-toxicity, non-flammability, environmentally friendly, and the wide applications of WPUs in plastics, paints, adhesives, printing ink and biomaterials are among the reasons for further development of these water-based systems. Because there are only a few commercially available diisocyanates in the synthesis of WPUs, it is the choice of polyol which may determine the WPUs properties. The most convenient renewable raw materials are natural oils, polysaccharides, wood and proteins, and vegetable oils which are the most beneficial options and have been widely studied. Today bio-polyols obtained from different vegetable oils have become vital in the synthesis of WPUs. However, castor oil has attracted special attention, as an excellent substitute for petroleum-based polyols and has been used in polyurethane compounds due to its availability, biodegradability and inherent hydroxyl groups. Considering the importance of bio-polyols and their role in the development of vegetable oil-based WPUs, in this article, while briefly introducing WPUs and their synthetic methods, the properties of WPUs based on castor oil, as the only natural polyol, are reviewed. Some green approaches to acquire a clear picture of the current and potential future applications of WPUs based bio-polyols in various fields are introduced. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • waterborne polyurethane
  • renewable resource
  • vegetable oil
  • castor oil
  • biodegradability
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