غشاهای برپایه مکسین در تصفیه آب : روش‌های تهیه، خواص و کاربرد‌

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسنده

تهران، پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران، پژوهشکده علوم پلیمر،گروه پلی‌یورتان و مواد پیشرفته، صندوق پستی 112-14975

چکیده

وجود حیات روی زمین به دسترس‌پذیری آب بستگی دارد. رشد سریع جمعیت، توسعه صنعتی و کمبود منابع آب شیرین، جامعه بشری را با چالش جهانی کمبود آب روبه‌رو کرده است. انتظار می‌رود، تقاضای جهانی آب از هم اکنون تا سال 2040، بین  %20 تا %30 افزایش یابد. به‌منظور مقابله با این مشکل، فرایندهای مختلفی در تصفیه آب به‌کار گرفته شدند. در این میان، جداسازی غشایی به‌دلیل کیفیت زیاد آب تولیدی، کارکرد آسان، قابلیت کار در شرایط ملایم و مصرف کم انرژی می‌تواند فناوری مناسبی برای مقابله با این چالش باشد. زیرا، سایر فناوری‌­های رایج برای تصفیه آب مانند تقطیر، به مصرف انرژی زیادی نیاز دارد و این فناوری‌­ها نمی­‌توانند تقاضای جهانی برای آب شیرین را برآورده کنند. از میان فرایندهای غشایی مختلف، اسمز معکوس فناوری کارآمد در حذف یون‌های نمک از آب شور برای دستیابی به آب آشامیدنی است. در روش­‌های جداسازی غشایی، انتخاب ماده مناسب به‌عنوان غشا بسیار مهم است، زیرا خواص فیزیکی، شیمیایی، مکانیکی و عملکرد جداسازی سامانه غشایی (نفوذ آب، گزینش‌پذیری و پس‌زنی نمک) به‌شدت به نوع ماده انتخاب‌شده بستگی دارد. بنابراین، توسعه مواد غشایی جدید برای نمک‌زدایی، همچنان مورد توجه و علاقه پژوهشگران است تا عملکرد غشاها را در جهت نمک‌زدایی بهبود بخشند. نانوصفحه‌های مکسین (نیترید و کاربید فلزات واسطه) دسته جدیدی از مواد دوبعدی با ساختارهای گرافن‌مانند هستند که خواص منحصربه‌فردی از جمله سطح بزرگ، فضای بین‌لایه­ای باریک، آب­دوستی و گروه‌­های عاملی سطحی زیاد و خواص فیزیکی، شیمیایی و مکانیکی مناسب دارند. این ترکیبات به‌تنهایی به‌عنوان ساختارهای غشایی جدید و نیز به‌عنوان نانومواد در بهبود خواص پلیمرهای استفاده‌شده در فرایندهای غشایی، برای اهداف جداسازی غشایی از اهمیت ویژه­ای برخوردارند. بدین منظور در مقاله حاضر، اطلاعات جامعی درباره ترکیبات مکسین، روش‌­های سنتز، گروه­‌های عاملی سطحی، تهیه غشای مکسین و غشاهای بر پایه مکسین با تمرکز بر استفاده از آن‌ها در فناوری‌­های تصفیه آب معرفی شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

MXene-based membranes for water treatment: preparation, properties, and application

نویسنده [English]

  • samal babanzadeh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
چکیده [English]

The existence of life on Earth depends on the availability of water. Rapid population growth, industrial development, and shortage of freshwater resources have made human society face the global challenge of water shortage, and it is expected that the world's water demand will increase by 20-30% from now until 2040. To overcome this problem, different processes have been used to purify water, and among these processes, membrane separation can be a suitable technology to meet this challenge due to the high quality of produced water, simplicity of operation, ability to operate under mild conditions, and low energy consumption. The common technologies for water treatment like distillation require high energy consumption and these technologies can not meet the global demand for fresh water. Among the different membrane processes, reverse osmosis is an efficient technology to remove salt ions from brackish water to obtain potable water. In membrane separation methods, the selection of the appropriate material as a membrane is so important because the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, and separation performance (water flux, selectivity and, salt rejection) of the membrane are strongly dependent on the selected material type. Hence, researchers are still interested in the use of new materials to improve membrane performance. MXene nanosheets (transition metal carbides and nitrides) are a new category of two-dimensional materials with graphene-like structures that have unique properties, including large surface area, narrow interlayer spacing, high hydrophilicity, and surface functionality, suitable physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for membrane applications. Mxene compounds are important both as new pure membrane structures and also as nanomaterials to improve the properties of polymers in membrane processes. To this end, in the present paper, comprehensive information has been introduced on MXene compounds, including their synthesis, surface functionality, and membrane fabrication, with a focus on water treatment technology.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "2D materials"
  • "MAX-phase"
  • "MXene"
  • "membrane"
  • "desalination"

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مجله علوم و تکنولوژی پلیمر
دوره 36، شماره 6 - شماره پیاپی 188
بهمن و اسفند 1402
صفحه 605-625

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