Shape Memory Properties of Polyurethane/Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanocomposite

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Plastics, Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Chemistry, Tehran North Unit, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 19585-936, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Hypothesis: Due to the unique properties of shape memory polymers (SMPs) including low density, good price, high deformability, reproducibility, molecular tailoring and good processing many applications have found for these materials in different fields. Shape memory properties of the nanocomposite samples based on polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelet (GNp) were investigated. The improvement in performance of SMPs by adding graphene nanoplatelet is the main hypothesis of this study.
Methods: At first, two types of polyurethane were synthesized using different formulations (for obtaining the samples with different hard segments) and then nanocomposites samples including GNp were produced through solution method.  Two different polyurethanes with hard segment contents of 23.9% and 24.4% were synthesized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), shape fixity and shape recover values of the samples (as indices of shape memory properties) were employed to characterize the synthesis of polyurethane and performance of shape memory behavior of the nanocomposites.   
Finding: The FTIR spectra showed that the formation of polyurethane was successfully accomplished. The SEM micrographs confirmed the good dispersion of nanoparticles in the matrix and there were no agglomerations and aggregation of particles. No characteristics peaks (crystallization and melting peaks) were observed in DSC thermograms for samples based on toluene di-isocyanate which means the synthesized polyurethane was fully amorphous without crystalline and regular regions. While the samples based on hexamethylene di-isocyanate showed the regular and crystalline regions. Shape fixity and shape recover values of the samples were in the range of 70-90%. These indices were increased by GNp addition.  

Keywords

References

  1. Caseri W., Nanocomposites of Polymers and Metals or Semiconductors: Historical Background and Optical Properties, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, 705-722, 2000
  2. Jahed M., Preparation of NR/EPDM Based Nanocomposites by Nanotube, MSc Thesis, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran, 2014.
  3. Kuilla T., Bhadra S., Yao D., Kim N.H., and Bose S., Recent Advences in Graphene Based Polymer Composites, Prog. Polym. Sci., 35, 1350-1375, 2010.
  4. Paul D.R. and Robeson L.M., Polymer Nanotechnology: Nanocomposites, Polymer, 49, 3187-3204, 2008.
  5. Spyro K.A. and Rudolf P., Functionalization of Graphene, John Wiley, 2014.
  6. Ravula S., Baker S., Kamath G., and Baker G., Ionic Liquid-Assisted Exfoliation and Dispersion: Stripping Graphene and Its Two-Dimensional Layered Inorganic Counterparts of Their Inhibitions, Royal Chem., 7, 4338-4353, 2015.
  7. Kim H., Abdala A., and Macosko C., Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites, Macromolecules, 43, 6615-6530, 2010.
  8. Mestala A., Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Functionalized Graphene Oxide as a Filler in Polyurethane and Polyaniline Composites, MSc Thesis, School of Chemistry, Aalto University, 2014.
  9. Geim A.K. and Novoselov K.S., The Rise of Graphene, Nature Materials, Nature, 6, 183-191, 2007.
  10. Dreyer D.R., Park S., Bielawski C.W., and Rouff R.S., The Chemistry of Graphene Oxide, Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 228-240, 2010.
  11. Park S. and Rouff R.S., Chemical Methods for the Production of Graphenes, Nat. Nanotechnol., 4, 217-224, 2009.
  12. Ding R., Hu Y., Gui Z., and Zong R., Preparation and Characterization of Polystyrene/Graphite Oxide Nanocomposite by Emulsion Polymerization, Polym. Degred. Stab, 81, 473-476, 2003.
  13. Xiao M., Sun L., and Liu J., Synthesis and Properties of Polystyrene/Graphite Nanocomposites, Polymer, 43, 2245-2248, 2002.
  14. Kim H., Hahn T., and Viculis L., Electrical Conductivity of Graphite/Polystyrene Composites Made from Potassium Intercalated Graphite, Carbon, 45, 1578-1582, 2007.
  15. Zheng W. and Wong S.C., Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of PMMA/Expanded Graphite Composites, Compos. Sci. Technol, 63, 225-235, 2003.
  16. Moujahid E.M., Besse J.P., and Leroux F., Poly(styrene sulfonate) Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites. Stability and Subsequent Structural Transformation with Changes in Temperature, J. Mater. Chem, 13, 258-264, 2003.
  17. Kim B.K., Polyurethanes Having Shape Memory Effects, Polymer, 37, 5781-5793, 1996.
  18. Hussain F., Hojjati M., and Okamoto M., Review Article: Polymer-Matrix Nanocomposites, Processing, Manufacturing and Application: An Overview, J.  Compos. Mater., 40, 1511-1575, 2006.
  19. Hsueh H.B. and Chen C.Y., Preparation and Properties of LDHs/Polyimide Nanocomposites, Polymer, 44, 1151-1161, 2003.
  20. Kalaitzidou K., Fukushima H., and Drzal L., Mechanical Properties and Morphological Characterization of Exfoliated Graphite-Polypropylene Nanocomposites, Composites, Part A, 38, 1675-1682, 2007.
  21. Liang J., Huang Y., Zhang L., and Wang Y., Molecular-level Dispersion of Graphene into Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Effective Reinforcement of Their Nanocomposites, Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 2297-2302, 2009.
  22. Broza G., Piszczek K., and Schulte K., Nanocomposites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Carbon Nanotubes (CNT), Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 890-894, 2007.
  23. Kalaitzidou K., Fukushima H., and Drzal L.T., A New Compounding Method for Exfoliated Graphite-Poypropylene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Flexural Properties and Lower Percolation Threshold, Compos. Sci. Technol, 67, 2045-2051, 2007.
  24. Zheng W., Lu X., and Wong S.C., Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Expanded Graphite-Reinforced High-Density Polyethylene, J. Appl. Polym., 91, 2781-2788, 2004.
  25. Zhao Y.F., Xiao M., Wang S.J., and Ge X.C., Preparation and Properties of Electrically Conductive  PPS/Expanded Graphite Nanocomposites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 2528-2534, 2007.
  26. Pan Y.X., Yu Z.Z., Ou Y.C., and Hu G.H., A New Process of Fabricating Electrically Conducting Nylon 6/Graphite Nanocomposites via Intercalation Polymerization, J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 38,1626-1633, 2000.
  27. Abbasi I., Mirmohammadsadegi G., and Ghasemi I., Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Environmentally Friendly Shape Memory Polyurethanes Based on Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) Diol/Castor Oil Mixtures, Polym. Sci., Part B, 59, 526-536, 2017.
  28. Szycher M., Handbook of Polyurethanes, 2nd. ed., CRC, USA, 2013.
  29. Wei Y., Cheng F., Li H., and Yu J., Thermal Properties and Micromorphology of Polyurethane Resins Based on Liquefied Benzylated Wood, J. Sci. Indust. Res., 64, 435-439, 2005.
  30. Pradhan K.C. and Nayak P., Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethane Nanocomposite from Castor Oil-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HMDI),  Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 3, 3045-52, 2012.
  31. Liao K.H., Aoyama S., Abdala A., and Macosko C., Does Graphene Change Tg of Nanocomposites?, Macromolecules, 47, 8311-8319, 2014.
  32. Güner F.S., Polymers from Triglyceride Oils, Prog. Polym. Sci., 31, 633-670, 2006.
  33. Iiima S., Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon, Nature, 354, 56-58, 1991.
  34. Nielsen L. and Landel R., Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, 2nd ed., CRC, 1993.

 

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
Volume 32, Issue 1 - Serial Number 159
May and June 2019
Pages 31-42

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics