Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Chitosan/Gelatin/Polyvinyl Alcohol Films

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Postal Code 86481-46411, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Hypothesis: Graphene oxide (GO) as an important nanoparticle having unique characteristics and the ability to improve physical and mechanical properties of different biopolymers has been taken into consideration during the last decade.  Thus, in this study, graphene oxide was used for the modification of polymeric films based on chitosan (CS)/gelatin (GL)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
Methods: Two series of films with different composition ratios were prepared by solution casting method. Graphene oxide at different concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 wt%) was added to the solutions to investigate the effect of PVA and GO amounts on the physical and mechanical properties of the films. The synthesized films were investigated by tensile, swelling, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), antibacterial and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests.
Findings: The tensile results showed that the graphene oxide improved the mechanical properties such as tensile modulus and strength, while decreased the elongation-at-break of the prepared samples. The increase in the PVA content of the films led to lower mechanical properties in films. The results of swelling tests at three different (neutral, acidic, and basic) media showed that the PVA led to the decrement of swelling, and higher amounts of GO resulted in a considerable decrease in degree of swelling of the films. The WVTR results showed that the changing in film composition did not considerably change the WVTR of the films, while the GO resulted in a decrease in WVTR of the samples. The antibacterial results showed that adding PVA did not affect the inhibition zone diameter, meanwhile the addition of graphene oxide led to an increase of the inhibition zone diameter. The SEM results showed a uniform distribution of GO nanoparticles within the polymeric films which was due to the compatibility of GO with polymeric matrix.

Keywords

References

  1. Avella M., De Vlieger J.J., Errico M.E., Fischer S., Vacca P., and Volpe M.G., Biodegradable Starch/Clay Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging Applications, Food Chem, 467-474, 93, 2005.
  2. Davis G. and Song J.H., Biodegradable Packaging Based on Raw Materials from Crops and Their Impact on Waste Management, Ind. Crop. Prod., 23, 147-161, 2006.
  3. Nair L.S. and Laurencin C.T., Biodegradable Polymers as Biomaterials, Prog. Polym. Sci., 32, 762-798, 2007.
  4. Sharma B., Malik P., and Jain P., Biopolymer Reinforced Nanocomposites: A Comprehensive Review, Mater. Today Commun., 16, 353-363, 2018.
  5. Siqueira G., Bras J., and Dufresne A., Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation, Properties and Applications, Polymers, 2, 728-765, 2010.
  6. Croisier F. and Jérôme C., Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering, Eur. Polym. J., 49, 780-792, 2013.
  7. Debele T.A., Mekuria S.L., and Tsai H.C., Polysaccharide Based Nanogels in the Drug Delivery System: Application as the Carrier of Pharmaceutical Agents, Mater. Sci. Eng., Part C: Mater. Biol. Appl., 68, 964-981, 2016.
  8. Siracusa V., Rocculi P., Romani S., and Rosa M.D., Biodegradable Polymers for Food Packaging: A Review, Trends Food Sci. Tech., 19, 634-643, 2008.
  9. Liu X., Ma L., Mao Z., and Gao C., Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Adv. Polym. Sci., 244, 81-127, 2011.
  10. Chen F., Monnier X., Gällstedt M., Gedde U.W., and Hedenqvist M.S., Wheat Gluten/Chitosan Blends: A New Biobased Material, Eur. Polym. J., 60, 186-197, 2014.
  11. Rubentheren V., Ward T.A., Chee C.Y., and Tang C.K., Processing and Analysis of Chitosan Nanocomposites Reinforced with Chitin Whiskers and Tannic Acid as a Crosslinker, Carbohyd. Polym., 115, 379-387, 2015.
  12. Eivazzadeh-Keihan R., Radinekiyan F., Maleki A., Salimi Bani M., Hajizadeh Z., and Asgharnasl S., A Novel Biocompatible Core-Shell Magnetic Nanocomposite Based on Cross-Linked Chitosan Hydrogels for in Vitro Hyperthermia of Cancer Therapy, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 140, 407-414, 2019.
  13. Toivonen M.S., Kurki-Suonio S., Schacher F.H., Hietala S., Rojas O.J., and Ikkala O., Water-Resistant, Transparent Hybrid Nanopaper by Physical Cross-Linking with Chitosan, Biomacromolecules, 16, 1062-1071, 2015.
  14. Akhavan-Kharazian N. and Izadi-Vasafi H., Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Gelatin/Nanocrystalline Cellulose/Calcium Peroxide Films for Potential Wound Dressing Applications, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 133, 881-891, 2019.
  15. Chow W.S. and Mohd Ishak Z.A., Smart Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review, Express Polym. Lett., 14, 416-435, 2020.
  16. Han D., Yan L., Chen W., and Li W., Preparation of Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Composite Film with Enhanced Mechanical Strength in the Wet State, Carbohyd. Polym., 83, 653-658, 2011.
  17. Pan Y., Wu T., Bao H., and Li L., Green Fabrication of Chitosan Films Reinforced with Parallel Aligned Graphene Oxide, Carbohyd. Polym., 83, 1908-1915, 2011.
  18. Liu X., Ma R., Wang X., Ma Y., Yang Y., Zhuang L., Zhang S., Jehan R., Chen J., and Wang X., Graphene Oxide-Based Materials for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution: A Review, Environ. Pollut., 252, 62-73, 2019.
  19. Barahuie F., Saifullah B., Dorniani D., Fakurazi S., Karthivashan G., Hussein M.Z., and Elfghi F.M., Graphene Oxide as a Nanocarrier for Controlled Release and Targeted Delivery of an Anticancer Active Agent, Chlorogenic Acid, Mater. Sci. Eng., Part C: Mater. Biol. Appl., 74, 177-185, 2017.
  20. Ege D., Kamali A.R., and Boccaccini A.R., Graphene Oxide/Polymer-Based Biomaterials, Adv. Eng. Mater., 19, 1700627, 2017.
  21. Eivazzadeh-Keihan R., Maleki A., de la Guardia M., Bani M.S., Chenab K.K., Pashazadeh-Panahi P., Baradaran B., Mokhtarzadeh A., and Hamblin M.R., Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering of Bone: Building New Bone on Small Black Scaffolds: A Review, J. Adv. Res., 18, 185-201, 2019.
  22. Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting, Annual Book of ASTM Standard, D882-09, 2009.
  23. Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standard, E96-05, 2005.
  24. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Approved Standard, 7th ed., CLSI Document M02-A11, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, USA, 2012.
  25. Yang X., Tu Y., Li L., Shang S., and Tao X.M., Well-Dispersed Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2, 1707-1713, 2010.
  26. Eshagh S., Abbaspour-Fard M.H., Hosseini F., and Tabasizadeh M., Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Mechanical, Thermal and Biodegradability Properties of Gelatin-Based Biocomposite Films, Iran. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 32, 411-426, 2020.
  27. Gomari S., Ehsani Namin P., and Ghasemi I., Polymer-Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanocomposites: Properties and Applications, Iran. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 32, 101-121, 2019.
  28. Abbasi F., Shojaei A.R., and Moemen Bellah S., Effect of Exfoliated Graphene Nanoplatelets on Rheological, Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Immiscible Polypropylene/Polystyrene (PP/PS) Blends, Iran. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 29, 477-487, 2017.
  29. Hanifi S., Ahmadi Sh., and Oromiehie A., Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Polypropylene/Starch Reinforced Nanoclay Blends, Iran. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 26, 139-148, 2013.
  30. Nikfar N., Izadi-Vasafi H., and Goudarzi L., Assessment of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Polycarbonate (PC)/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) Blends Reinforced with Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B: Phys., 58, 760-771, 2019.
  31. Yi H., Wu L.Q., Bentley W.E., Ghodssi R., Rubloff G.W., Culver J.N., and Payne G.F., Biofabrication with Chitosan, Biomacromolecules, 6, 2881-2894, 2005.
  32. Tanabe T., Okitsu. N., Tachibana A., and Yamauchi K., Preparation and Characterization of Keratin–Chitosan Composite Film, Biomaterials, 23, 817-825, 2002.
  33. Golabdar A., Adelnia H., Moshtzan N., Nasrollah Gavgani J., and Izadi-Vasafi H., Anti-bacterial Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposite Hydrogels Reinforced with In-situ Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles, Polym. Compos., 40, 1322-1328, 2018.
  34. Pal N., Dubey P., Gopinath P., and Pal K., Combined Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystal and Reduced Graphene Oxide into Poly-lactic Acid Matrix Nanocomposite as a Scaffold and Its Anti-bacterial Activity, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 95, 94-105, 2017.
  35. Liu Y., Park M., Shin H.K., Pant B., Choi J., Park Y.W., Lee J.Y., Park S.J., and Kim H.Y., Facile Preparation and Characterization of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Biocomposite Nanofibers, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, 4415-4420, 2014.
  36. Mazaheri M., Akhavan O., and Simchi A., Flexible Bactericidal Graphene Oxide-Chitosan Layers for Stem Cell Proliferation, Appl. Surf. Sci., 301, 456-462, 2014.
  37. Liu Sh., Zeng T.H., Hofmann M., Burcombe E., Wei J., Jiang R., Kong J., and Chen Y., Antibacterial Activity of Graphite, Graphite Oxide, Graphene Oxide, and Reduced Graphene Oxide Membrane and Oxidative Stress, ACS Nano, 5, 6971-6980, 2011.
  38. Wu Z., Huang Y., Xiao L., Lin D., Yang Y., Wang H., Yang Y., Wu D., Chen H., Zhang Q., Qin W., and Pu S., Physical Properties and Structural Characterization of Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Graphene Oxide Composite Films, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 123, 569-575, 2019.
Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
Volume 33, Issue 1 - Serial Number 165
May and June 2020
Pages 75-87

Files

Cited by

Share

How to cite

Statistics