Bio-based Adhesives: Advantages and Confronting Their Challenges

Document Type : Review

Author

Department of Adhesive and Resin, Faculty of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Due to environmental concerns and considering the petroleum resources, the bio-based materials have recently attracted more attention both in academia and industries. In addition to environmental sustainability and renewability, the bio-based adhesives have shown some competing advantages with respect to fossil-based products. This article covers the advantages and challenges of bio-based adhesives. The main advantages of bio-based adhesives include their less greenhouse gas emission, lower volatile organic compounds (VOC), lower environmental and human toxicity. The bio-based adhesives show higher tendency to biodegradability, which may be considered as their strong aspect compared to fossil-based resources. The bio-based materials may be incorporated in adhesive formulation through direct usage of biopolymer, in the form of building blocks and/or reactive monomer, and in the form of adhesive formulation additives. In bio-based adhesives, the pioneering technologies belong to fabrication of paper and different wooden products using starch and/or protein-based adhesives. The main goal was to remove as much as possible the harmful emitting formaldehyde gases during fabrication and product service life. The modification of bio-resource materials through introduction of new functionalities in the molecular architecture may bring some specific properties. There are many reports on the effect of various vegetable oils on the improved hydrophobicity in epoxy and polyurethane adhesives. The bio-based vegetable oils and cashew nut shell liquids now have acquired reliable position in adhesive and coating market. Recent investigations on some specific bio-resource structures such as lignin and tannin with complex structures have shown promising results for the improved thermal and antibacterial activities in adhesive formulation. In order to make a strong decision on the effectiveness of the bio-based adhesives, much investigations on different biological/economical aspects of bio-based materials are needed to achieve this goal. 

Keywords

References

  1. Packham D.E., Adhesive Technology and Sustainability, J. Adhes. Adhes., 29, 248-252, 2009.
  2. Moini N., Khaghanipour M., Faridani F., Jahandideh A., Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science, Altalhi T. (Ed.), Inamuddin, Elsevier, Chapt. 6, 2022.
  3. Eisen A., Bussa M., and Röder H., A Review of Environmental Assessments of Biobased Against Petrochemical Adhesives, Clean. Prod., 277, 124277, 2020.
  4. Eissenberger K., Ballesteros A., De Bisschop R., Bugnicourt E., Cinelli P., Defoin M., Demeyer E., Fürtauer S., Gioia C., and Gómez L., Approaches in Sustainable, Biobased Multilayer Packaging Solutions, Polymers, 15, 1184, 2023.
  5. Vamza I., Krigers G., and Valters K., A Review of Bio-based Adhesives from Primary and Secondary Biomass for Wood Composite Applications, Clim. Technol., 26, 1350-1360, 2022.
  6. Ahmady A. and Abu Samah N.H., A Review: Gelatine as a Bioadhesive Material for Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications, J. Pharm., 608, 1210372, 2021.
  7. Kumar K., Dhawan N., Sharma H., Vaidya Sh., and Vaidya B., Bioadhesive Polymers: Novel Tool for Drug Delivery, Cell. Nanomed. Biotech., 42, 274-283, 2014.
  8. UgoezeC., Bioadhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications, Mittal K.L., Bakshi I.S., and Narang J.K. (Eds.), Chapt. 2 , Scrivener Publishing LLC, 2020.
  9. Asati S., Jain Sh., and Choubey A., Bioadhesive or Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System: A Potential Alternative to Conventional Therapy, Drug Deliv. Therap., 9, 2019.
  10. https://clarivate.com, accessed 28/12/2022.
  11. https://www.lens.org/lens/search, accessed 22/2/2023.
  12. Antov P., Savov V., and Neykov N., Sustainable Bio-based Adhesives for Eco-friendly Wood Composites, Wood Res., 65, 2020.
  13. Arias A., González-Rodríguez S., Vetroni Barros M., Salvador R., Carlos de Francisco A., Moro Piekarski C., and Moreira M.T., Recent Developments in Bio-based Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources, Clean. Prod., 314, 127892, 2021.
  14. Pizzi, Recent Developments in Eco-efficient Bio-based Adhesives for Wood Bonding: Opportunities and Issues,J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 20, 829, 2006.
  15. beardowadams.com/alkali washable adhesive, accessed 10/9/2022.
  16. ShybiA.,  VargheseS.,  MariaH.J., ThomasS., Natural Polymer Based Adhesives, in Biobased Adhesives, Dunky M., and Mittal K.L. (Eds.), Wiley and Scriver, Chapt. 11, 2023.
  17. Siahkamari M., Emmanuel S., Hodge D.B., and Nejad M., Lignin-Glyoxal: A Fully Biobased Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesive for Interior Engineered Wood Products, ACS Sustaina. Chem. Eng., 10, 3430, 2022.
  18. Magalhães S., Alves L., Medronho B., Fonseca A.C., Romano A., Coelho J.F.J., and Norgren M., Brief Overview on Bio-based Adhesives and Sealants, Polymers, 11, 1685, 2019.
  19. Kalami S., Arefmanesh M., Master E., and Nejad M., Replacing 100% of Phenol in Phenolic Adhesive Formulations with Lignin, Appl. Polym. Sci., 134, 45124, 2017.
  20. Boethling R.S., Sommer E., and DiFiore D., Designing Small Molecules for Biodegradability, Rev., 107, 2207-2227, 2007.
  21. Rajagopalan A. and Kroutil W., Biocatalytic Reactions: Selected Highlights, Today, 14, 144-152, 2011.
  22. Gupta M.N. and Raghava S.R., Natural Based Polymers for Biomedical Applications, 1st ed., Woodhead, Reis R.L. (Eds.), 120-154, 2008.
  23. Noori A., Ashrafi S.J., Vaez-Ghaemi R., Hatamian-Zaremi A., and Webster T.J., A Review of Fibrin and Fibrin Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering, J. Nanomed., 4937-4961, 2017.
  24. Hoffmann B., Volkmer E., Kokott A., Augat P., Ohnmacht M., Sedlmayr N., Schieker M., Claes, L., Mutschler W., and Ziegler G., Characterisation of a New Bioadhesive System Based on Polysaccharides with the Potential to be Used as Bone Glue, Sci.: Mater. Med., 20, 2001-2009, 2009.
  25. Kim J.H., Min H.J., Park K., and Kim J., Preparation and Evaluation of a Cosmetic Adhesive Containing Guar Gum, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 34, 2236-2240, 2017.
  26. El Mansouri N., Pizzi A., and Salvadó J., Lignin-Based Wood Panel Adhesives without Formaldehyde, Holz Roh Werkst, 65, 65-70, 2007.
  27. Rhazi N., Oumam M., Sesbou A., Hannache H., and Charrier-El Bouhtoury F., Physico-Mechanical Properties of Plywood Bonded with Ecological Adhesives from Acacia Mollissima Tannins and Lignosulfonates, Phys. J.: Appl. Phys., 78, 34813, 2017.
  28. Umemura K., Inoue A., and Kawai S., Development of New Natural Polymer-Based Wood Adhesives I: Dry Bond Strength and Water Resistance of Konjac Glucomannan, Chitosan, and Their Composites, Wood Sci., 49, 221-226, 2003.
  29. Vendamme R., Olaerts K., Gomes M., Degens M., Shigematsu T., and Eevers W., Interplay between Viscoelastic and Chemical Tunings in Fatty-Acid-Based Polyester Adhesives: Engineering Biomass Toward Functionalized Step-Growth Polymers and Soft Networks, Biomacromolecules, 13, 1933-1944, 2012.
  30. Jenkins C.L., Siebert H.M., and Wilker J.J., Integrating Mussel Chemistry into a Bio-based Polymer to Create Degradable Adhesives, Macromolecules, 50, 561-568, 2017.
  31. Choi W.Y., Lee C.M., and Park H.J., Development of Biodegradable Hot-Melt Adhesive Based on Poly-ε-Caprolactone and Soy Protein Isolate for Food Packaging System, Food Sci. Technol., 39, 591-597, 2006.
  32. Liu Y. and Li K., Chemical Modification of Soy Protein for Wood Adhesives, Rapid Commun., 23, 739-742, 2002.
  33. Monisha M., Shukla S., and Lochab B., Nanoparticles as Curing and Adhesive Aid for Biobased and Petrobased Polybenzoxazines, Green Mater., 5, 1-30, 2017.
  34. Duarah R. and Karak N., A Starch Based Sustainable Tough Hyperbranched Epoxy Thermoset, RSC Adv., 5, 64456–64465, 2015.
  35. PatelK.,  BechuA., VillegasJ.D.,  Bergez-LacosteM.,  YeungK., MurphyR., WoodsJ.,  MwabonjeO.N.,  NiY.,  PatelA.D.,  GallagherJ., and BryantD., Second Generation Biobased Plastics are Becoming a Reality Nonrenewable Energy and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Balance of Succinic Acid Based Plastic End Products Made from Lignocellulosic Biomass, Biofpr, 12, 426-441, 2018.
  36. Kim N., Li Y., and Sun X.S., Epoxidation of Camelina Sativa Oil and Peel Adhesion Properties, Crops Prod., 64, 1-8, 2015.
  37. Malik M. and Kaur R., Influence of Aliphatic and Aromatic Isocyanates on the Properties of Poly(ether ester) Polyol Based PU Adhesive System, Eng. Sci., 58, 112-117, 2018.
  38. Kong X., Liu G., and Curtis J.M., Characterization of Canola Oil Based Polyurethane Wood Adhesives, J. Adhes. Adhes., 31, 559-564, 2011.
  39. Ang K.P., Lee C.S., Cheng S.F., and Chuah C.H., Synthesis of Palm Oil-Based Polyester Polyol for Polyurethane Adhesive Production, Appl. Polym. Sci., 131, 39967, 2014.
  40. Xu Y., Han Y., Li J., Luo J., Shi S.Q., Li J., Gao Q., and Mao A., Research Progress of Soybean Protein Adhesive: A Review, Renew. Mater., 1, 2519-2541, 2022.
  41. Watcharakitti J., Win E.E., Nimnuan J., and Smith S.M., Modified Starch-Based Adhesives: A Review, Polymers, 14, 2023, 2022.
  42. Vineeth S.K. and Gadhave R.V., Sustainable Raw Materials in Hot Melt Adhesives: A Review, Open J. Polym. Chem., 10, 103003, 2020.
  43. https://bioplasticsnews.com/13/01/2022/evonik-sustainable polyalphaolefins adhesives, accessed 20/8/2022.
  44. Huang, Peng Z., Li J., Li X., Jiang X., and Dong Y., Unlocking the Role of Lignin for Preparing the Lignin-Based Wood Adhesive: A Review, Ind. Crops Prod., 187, 115388, 2022.
  45. Ferdosian F., Zhang Y., Yuan Z., Anderson M., and Xu C., Curing Kinetics and Mechanical Properties of Bio-based Epoxy Composites Comprising Lignin-Based Epoxy Resins, Polym. J., 82, 153-165, 2016.
  46. Trosa A. and Pizzi A., A No-Aldehyde Emission Hardener for Tannin-Based Wood Adhesives, Holz Roh-Werkst., 59, 266-271, 2001.
  47. Droesbeke M.A., Aksakal R., Simula A., Asua J.M., and Du
    Prez F.E., Biobased Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives, Polym. Sci., 117, 101396, 2021.
  48. Heinrich L.A., Future Opportunities for Bio-based Adhesives-Advantages Beyond Renewability, Green Chem., 21,1866-1888, 2019.
  49. Hasegawa Y., Shikinaka K., Katayama Y., Kajita S., Masai E., Nakamura M., Otsuka Y., Ohara S., and Shigehara K., Tenacious Epoxy Adhesives Prepared from Lignin-Derived Stable Metabolic Intermediate, Sen-i Gakkaishi, 65, 359-362, 2009.
  50. Desai S.D., Patel J.V., and Sinha V.K., Polyurethane Adhesive System from Biomaterial-Based Polyol for Bonding Wood, J. Adhes. Adhes., 23, 393-399, 2003.
  51. Nazrul Islam, Rahman F., Das A.,  and Hiziroglu S., An Overview of Different Types and Potential of Bio-based Adhesives Used for Wood Products, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. , 112, 102992, 2022.
  52. Vineeth S.K., Gadhave R.V., Gadekar P.T., Chemical Modification of Nanocellulose in Wood Adhesive: Review, Open J. Polym. Chem., 9, 94008, 2019.
  53. Saražin J.,Schmiedl D., Pizzi A., and Sernek M., Bio-based Adhesive Mixtures of Pine Tannin and Different Types of Lignins, BioResources, 15, 9401-9412, 2020.
  54. Dhawale P.V., Vineeth S.K., Gadhave R.V., Fatima M.J.J., Supekar M.V., Thakur V.K., and Raghavan P., Tannin as a Renewable Raw Material for Adhesive Applications: A Review, Adv., 3, 3365-3388, 2022.
  55. Esmaeili N., Salimi A., Zohuriaan-Mehr M.J., Vafayan M., and Meyer W., Bio-based Thermosetting Epoxy Foam: Tannic Acid Valorization toward Dye-Decontaminating and Thermo-Protecting Applications, Hazard. Mater., 357, 30-39, 2018.
  56. Esmaeili N., Zohuriaan-Mehr M.J., Salimi A., Vafayan M., and Meyer W., Tannic Acid Derived Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Networks: Synthesis, Curing Kinetics, Antioxidizing Activity and Cell Viability, Acta, 664, 64-72, 2018.
  57. Liu D., Chen H., Chang P.R., Wu Q., Li K., and Guan L., Biomimetic Soy Protein Nanocomposites with Calcium Carbonate Crystalline Arrays for Use as Wood Adhesive, Technol., 101, 6235-6241, 2010.
  58. https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2022/september-2022/green-adhesives-made-from-whey.html, accessed 5/9/2022.
  59. Xu H., Luo J., Gao Q., Zhang S., and Li J., Improved Water Resistance of Soybean Meal-BasedAdhesive with SDS and PAM, BioResources, 9, 4667-4678, 2014.
  60. Li C., Li H., Zhang S., and Li J., Preparation of Reinforced Soy Protein Adhesive UsingSilane Coupling Agent as an Enhancer, BioResources, 9, 5448-5460, 2014.
  61. Imam S.H., Gordon S.H., Mao L., and Chen L., Environmentally Friendly Wood Adhesive from a Renewable Plant Polymer: Characteristics and Optimization, Degrad. Stab., 73, 529-533, 2001.
  62. Kaur R., Singh P., Tanwar S., Varshney G., and Yadav S.,Assessment of Bio-based Polyurethanes: Perspectiveon Applications and Bio-Degradation,Macromol, 2, 284-314, 2022.
  63. Tenorio-Alfonso A., Carmen Sánchez M., and Franco J.M., A Review of the Sustainable Approaches in the Production of Bio-based Polyurethanes and Their Applications in the Adhesive Field, Polym. Environ., 28, 749-774, 2020.
  64. Aristri M.A., Lubis M.A.R., Yadav S.M., Antov P., Papadopoulos A.N., Pizzi A., Fatriasari W., Ismayati M., and Iswanto A.H., Recent Developments in Lignin- and Tannin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Resins for Wood Adhesives-A Review, Sci., 11, 4242-2471, 2021.
  65. Voirin C., Caillol S., Sadavarte N.V., Tawade B.V., Boutevin B., and  Wadgaonkar P.P., Functionalization of Cardanol: Towards Biobased Polymers and Additives, Chem., 5, 3142-3162, 2014.
  66. Jian X.Y., He Y., Li Y.D., Wang M., and Zeng J.B., Curing of Epoxidized Soybean Oil with Crystalline Oligomeric Poly(butylene succinate) towards High Performance and Sustainable Epoxy Resins, Eng. J., 326, 875-885, 2017.
  67. Nurchi, Buonvino S., Arciero I., and Melino S., Sustainable Vegetable Oil-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24, 2153-2172, 2023.
  68. Niesiobędzka J. and Datta J., Challenges and Recent Advances in Bio-based Isocyanate Production, Green Chem., 25, 2482-2504, 2023.
  69. Uchoa A.F.J., Rocha W.S., Feitosa J.P.M., Brito D.H.A., Gondim L.M., Ricardo N.M.P. S., Soares J.B., and Soares S.A., Exploiting Epoxidized Cashew Nut Shell Liquid as a Potential Bio-Additive to Improve Asphalt Binder Performance, Clean. Prod., 314, 128061, 2021.
  70. Li C., Xiao H., Wang X., and Zhao T., Development of Green Waterborne UV-Curable Vegetable Oil-Based Urethane Acrylate Pigment Prints Adhesive: Preparation and Application, Clean. Prod., 180, 272-279, 2018.
  71. Petrovic Z., Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils, Rev., 48, 109-155, 2008.
  72. Chen R., Zhang C., and Kessler M.R., Anionic Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersion from a Bio-based Ionic Segment, RSC Adv., 4, 35476-35483, 2014.
  73. Sitz E.D., Bajwa D.S., Webster D.C., Monono E.M., Wiesenborn D.P., and Bajwa S.G., Epoxidized Sucrose Soyate, a Novel Green Resin for Crop Straw Based Low Density Fiberboards, Crops Prod., 107,400-408, 2017.
  74. Saetung A., Rungvichaniwat A., Tsupphayakorn-ake P., Bannob P., Tulyapituk T., and Saetung N., Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Films: Effects of Blend Formulation with Hydroxyl Telechelic Natural Rubber and Modified Rubber Seed Oils, Polym. Res., 23, 264, 2016.
  75. Ma Y., Ji Y., Zhang J., Sha Y., Jia P., and Zhou Y., Research Advances in Vegetable Oil Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesives, Green Mater., 2022.
  76. Veith, Diot-NéantF., MillerS.A., and  Allais F., Synthesis and Polymerization of Bio-based Acrylates: A Review, Polym. Chem., 11, 7452-7470, 2020.
  77. Wang S., Shuai L., Saha B., Vlachos D.G., and Epps T.H., From Tree to Tape: Direct Synthesis of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives from Depolymerized Raw LignocellulosicBiomass, ACS Cent. Sci., 4, 701-708, 2018.
  78. Stanzione J.F., Sadler J.M., La Scala J.J., Reno K.H., and Wool R.P., Vanillin-Based Resin for Use in Composite Applications, Green Chem., 14, 2346-2352,
  79. Stanzione J.F., Sadler J.M., La Scala J.J., and Wool R.P., Lignin Model Compounds as Bio-based Reactive Diluents for Liquid Molding Resins, ChemSusChem, 5, 1291-1297, 2
  80. Molina-Gutiérrez S., Li W.S.J., Perrin R., Ladmiral V., Bongiovanni R., Caillol S., and Lacroix-Desmazes P., Radical Aqueous Emulsion Copolymerization of Eugenol-Derived Monomers for Adhesive Applications, Biomacromolecules, 21, 4514-4521, 2020.
  81. Nguyen T.P., Kim B., Kim Y.-J., Lee S.-H., Shin S., and Cho J.K., Synthesis of the Bio-based Alternative to Bis-GMA and Its Application to Photo-Polymerizable Adhesives, J. Adhes. Adhes., 80, 60-65, 2018.
  82. Moini N., Khaghanipour M., Kabiri K., Salimi A., Zohuriaan-Mehr M.J., and Jahandideh A., Engineered Green Adhesives Based on Demands: Star-Shaped Glycerol-Lactic Acid Oligomers in Anaerobic Adhesives, ACS Sust. Chem. Eng., 7, 16247-162567, 2019.
  83. Ghasaban S., Atai M., Imani, M., and Zandi M., Nanomechanical Properties of Photo-Cured Cyanoacrylate Bioadhesives Crosslinked by TMPTMA or POSS Nanostructures, J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Persian), 25, 53-64, 2012.
  84. Caillol S.A.R., David G.,  Boutevin B., and  Pascault J.P., Biobased Thermosetting Epoxy: Present and Future, Rev., 114, 1082-1115, 2014.
  85. Kumar S., Samal S.K., Mohanty S., and Nayak S.K., Recent Development of Biobased Epoxy Resins: A Review, Plast., Technol. Eng., 57, 133-155, 2018.
  86. Clermont S. and Nardo S., Sustainable Structural Adhesives, https://www.adhesivesmag.com/articles/99781/.accesed 22/12/2022
  87. ZhaoL., LiY.D.,  and   ZengJ-B., Progress in the Design and Synthesis of Biobased Epoxy Covalent Adaptable Networks, Polym. Chem., 13, 6573-6588, 2022.
  88. Zolghadr M., Zohuriaan-Mehr M.J., Shakeri A., and Salimi A., Epoxy Resin Modification by Reactive Bio-based Furan Derivatives: Curing Kinetics and Mechanical Properties, Acta, 673, 147-157, 2019.
  89. Ramdani N., Zaimeche H., Derradji, and Biobased Thermally-Stable Aromatic Cyanate Ester Thermosets: A Review, React, Funct, Polym., 168, 105037, 2021.
  90. Wang Z., Gu Z., Hong Y., Cheng L., and Li Z., Bonding Strength and Water Resistance of Starch-Based Wood Adhesive Improved by Silica Nanoparticles, Polym., 86, 72-76, 2011.
  91. Gaspar A.S., Cordeiro J.B., Simões P.A., Gameiro D., Rocha F.A., Serra A.C., Coelho J.F.J., Fonseca A.C., Poly(beta-pinene) as an Efficient Biobased Tackifier for Metallocene Poly(ethylene) Based Hotmelt Adhesives, J. Adhes. Adhes., 114, 103111, 2022.
  92. Bandara, EsparzaY., and   WuJ., Exfoliating Nanomaterials in Canola Protein Derived Adhesive Improves Strength and Water Resistance, RSC Adv., 7, 6743, 2017.
  93. Langer E., Bortel K., Waskiewicz S., and Lenartowicz-Klik M., Plasticizers Derived from Post-Consumer PET, Research Trends and Potential Applications, Ebnesajjad S. (Ed.), Elsevier, 101-126, 2020.
  94. https://shamrocktechnologies.com/products, accessed 2/9/2022.
  95. Khalina M., Beheshty M.H., and Salimi A., The Effect of Reactive Diluent on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Epoxy Resins, Bull., 76, 3905–3927, 2019.
  96. Ghasemi Rad N., Karami Z., Zohuriaan‐Mehr J., Salimi A., and Kabiri K., Linseed Oil-Based Reactive Diluents Preparation to Improve Tetra-Functional Epoxy Resin Properties, Polym. Adv. Technol., 30, 2361-2369, 2019.
  97. https://www.ube.com/contents/en/chemical/fine/dimethyl_carbonate.html, accessed 11/11/2022.
  98. Lin C.F., Karlsson,  Jones D., and  Sandberg D., Bio-based Adhesive Derived from Citric Acid and Sorbitol for Wood-Composite Manufacture, Wood Mater. Sci. Eng., 17, 397-399, 2022.
  99. mordorintelligence.com,accessed 04/1/2023.
  100. bloomberg.com/press-releases, accessed 29/11/2022.
  101. adhesivesmag.com/articles/99390/ , accessed 15/11/2022.
  102. mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/packaging-adhesives-market, accessed 14/12/2022.

 

Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
Volume 36, Issue 3 - Serial Number 185
September and October 2023
Pages 209-230

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics